Elementary Statistics Ch. 1

Front 1

Variable

Back 1

data that have outcomes that differ
age, gender, race, etc

Front 2

constant

Back 2

data that has the same outcome everytime

Front 3

unit of observation

Back 3

thing to be studied, observed, collected data on

Front 4

aggregates

Back 4

the way in which measures vary across entire collections of people
population of crime rate in metropolicatn areas

Front 5

independent variable

Back 5

variable whose outcome affects the DV

Front 6

dependent variable

Back 6

variable of interest affected by the independent variable

Front 7

content analysis

Back 7

research method wereby a researcher seeks objectively to describe the content of previously produced messages

Front 8

secondary analysis

Back 8

data that has been previously analyzed

Front 9

stages of social research

Back 9

problem is reduced to a testable hypothesis
an appropriate set of instruments is developed
the data are collected
the data are analyzed for thier bearing on the initial hypothesis (this class)
results of the analysis are interpreted and communicated to an audience (this class)

Front 10

levels of measurement

Back 10

nominal (classify/categorize no heirarchy)
ordinal (rank or order apparent)
interval level (rank or order with a specific range between scores)
ratio (interval level but also has an absolute 0)

Front 11

rule for any measurement

Back 11

must be
exclusive (every case must fit into only one category)
exhaustive (all cases must be accounted for)

Front 12

descriptive statistics

Back 12

do not go beyond data
describe data
explain what the raw data says

Front 13

inferential statistics

Back 13

go beyond data
make inferences about what the data in regards to the population