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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter |
anything that takes up space and has mass. Involves molecules, atoms, protons and electrons. |
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Mass |
Always the same and independent of gravity |
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Weight |
The measure of the earth's pull of gravity on an object. |
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Volume |
The amount of cubic space something takes up. |
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Density |
Mass per unit of volume. The ratio of total mass to total volume. It defines how closely the molecules are packed together. |
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Element |
A substance that consists of only one type of atom and is represented by a symbol. |
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Electrons |
Outer part of the atom |
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Protons and neutrons |
Nucleus of the atom |
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Molecule |
Smallest particle of substance that may exist independently and maintains all the properties of the substance. Molecules of most elements are made of one atom but the molecules of oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine and nitrogen are made of 2 atoms each. |
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Compound |
Matter that combines atoms chemically in definite weight proportions. H2O is an example of a compound. Bases, salts, oxides. |
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Mixture |
Any combo of 2 or more substances not chemically combined and without any definite weight proportions. Seawater, milk |
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Transformation from solid to gas |
Sublimation |
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Transformation from gas to solid |
Deposition |
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Temperature |
A measure related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Temperature is not energy, but it is a number that relates to the kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a substance. |
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Celsius Scale |
Freezing point of water - 0 degrees Boiling point of water - 100 degrees |
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Kelvin Scale |
Absolute zero - 0 degrees (absence of all thermal energy) Freezing point of water - 273.15 degrees Boiling point of water - 373.15 degrees |
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Fahrenheit Scale |
Freezing point of water is 32 degrees Boiling point of water is 212 degrees |
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Heat |
Measurement of the total energy in a substance |
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Total energy |
Made up of the kinetic and the potential energy of the molecules of the substance. |
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Dynamics |
The branch of mechanics that studies the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion of bodies. |
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Force |
A pull or a push on an object that results from the objects interaction with another object. |
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2 main types of forces |
Contact Forces - Require physical contact and interaction between objects. Frictional, tension, air resistant. At-a-distance-forces - result even when the interacting objects are not in contact but they exert a push or pull. Magnetic, gravity, electrostatic. |
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Friction |
The force involved when surfaces that touch each other have a certain resistance to motion. |
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Mechanical Force |
The application of force to bend, dent, scratch, compress, or break something. |
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Applied force |
A force that is applied to an object by a person or another object. |
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Centripetal Force |
When an object moves in a circular path and force is directed toward the center of the circle in order to keep the motion going. |
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Electrical Forces |
action-at-a-distance-forces. When protons in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus exert an electrical pull toward each other despite the spatial separation. |
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Magnetic Forces |
When 2 magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other. |
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Nuclear Force |
Present in the nucleus of the atoms. Released by fission (the breaking of a heavy nucleus into 2 lighter nuclei), fusion (2 atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus), or radioactive decay (a neutron or proton in the radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously) |
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Light |
type of energy that has a comparatively low level of physical weight or density. It is considered an electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength. Travels in a straight line. |
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Refraction |
Occurs when light passes through a transparent material like water. The light bends or changes speed. |
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Diffraction |
Occurs when a ray of light bends around the edges of an object. |
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Optics |
A branch of physics that studies the physical properties of light. |
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Convex lenses |
Thicker in the middle and are used as magnifying glasses for nearsighted people. |
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Electricity |
Physical occurrence related to stationary and moving electrons and protons. |
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Conductor |
Allows electricity to flow freely through it. Copper. |
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Insulator |
Does not allow electrons to flow freely. Glass, rubber, air. |
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Neutral Atoms |
Contain an equal number of protons and electrons. |
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Electric Current |
The flow of electricity through a conductor. |
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Series Circuit |
Use only one electrical path. |
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Parallel Circuits |
Use several electric paths. |
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Electrical circuit |
Must have a continuous flow of electricity going through a complete loop (circuit) returning to the original position. |
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Static Electricity |
The accumulation of excess electric charge in a region that has poor electrical conductivity. |
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Electrically charged objects characteristics (3) |
Like charges repel one another Opposite charges attract one another Charge is conserved |
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Chemical Energy |
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules. Combustion. |
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Electrical Energy |
The energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Moving electrons produces it. |
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Magnetic Energy |
The force of a magnet. |
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Mechanical Energy |
The energy of the moving parts of machines or humans. The sum of potential and kinetic energy |
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Nuclear Energy |
Present in the nucleus of atoms. Dividing, combining, or colliding of nuclei can result in the release of nuclear energy. It is released by fission, fusion or radioactive decay. |
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Radiant or light energy |
The energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or radiation. |
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Solar Energy |
The energy from the sun that may be converted into thermal or electrical energy. |
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Sound or acoustic Energy |
Energy in the form of mechanical waves transmitted through material. Can be audible or inaudible. |
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Thermal Energy |
Considered the most internal energy of objects which is created by vibration and movement. Form of kinetic energy and transferred as heat. |
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Balanced Forces |
Do not cause a change in motion. They are in opposite directions and equal in size. |
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Unbalanced Forces |
Always cause a change in motion |
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3 layers of the earth |
Core, Mantle, Crust |
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Core of earth |
1800 miles below the surface of the earth. Made of iron and nickel. Divided into 2 sections - inner and outer core. |
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Inner core of earth |
Solid and 780 miles thick. Made of iron and nickel. The pressure is so great, that despite it's high temperatures it will not melt. |
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Outer core of earth |
Always molten or melted. 1300 miles thick made of iron and nickel. Outer core rotates but inner core does not due to it's solid nature creating the earth's magnetism. |
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The earth's mantle |
Begins about 6 miles under the ocean's crust and 19 miles below the continent's crust. Makes up the majority of the earth's volume. |
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The earth's crust |
Hard outer shell and the thinnest layer of the earth. Crust floats on the mantle. 2 types - oceanic (4-7 miles thick, consists of basalt, makes up 71% of earth's surface) and continental crust (29% of earth's surface. continents) |
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7 continents |
Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia |
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Convection Currents |
Heat from the earth's core radiates through the earth's crust and causes the earth's crust to move called plate tectonics. |
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Pangea |
Alfred Wegener said the continents were all joined at one point forming a supercontinent called Pangea. |
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Geologic Formations |
Volcanoes, canyons, mountains |
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How canyons form |
erosion due to water running through a dry region. |
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Uplift |
Happens when the plates of the earth shift and causes the plateau to rise, causing the river to be lower relative to the surface of the plateau. |
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Earthquake |
Occurs when plates slide against each other in opposite directions. |
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Epicenter |
Point on the earth's surface where an earthquake begins. |
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Seisometer |
Measures the amount of energy released during an earthquake. Measures in Richter Scale. |
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3 different types of rocks |
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
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Igneous Rocks |
Formed from the cooling of magma. Course rocks and make up most of the earth's crust. (granite and basalt) |
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Sedimentary Rocks |
Cover igneous rocks with loose sediment. Created when layers of debris or sediment are compacted and fuse together. 3 types - clastic, chemical, and organic. |
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Clastic Rocks |
Basic sedimentary rocks. Accumulations of broken pieces of rocks. |
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Chemical Rocks |
Form when standing water evaporates and leaves dissolved minerals behind. |
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Organic Rocks |
Formed by organic material such as calcium from shells, bones and teeth. |
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Metamorphic Rocks |
Formed when a pre-existing rock is moved into an environment in which the minerals that make up the rock become unstable. (Slate, gneiss, marble) |
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Soil |
Formed by the weathering of rocks and minerals |
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The water cycle |
1. Evaporation 2. Condensation 3. Precipitation 4. Collection |
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Evaporation |
Occurs when the sun heats up the water on earth. Water turns to steam and goes into the air. |
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Condensation |
Occurs when the water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid forming clouds. |
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Precipitation |
Occurs when the amount of water that has condensed in the air is too much for the air to hold. |
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Collection |
Occurs when the water returns to the surface of the earth and falls back into water sources. |
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5 types of air masses that determine weather |
Continental arctic, continental polar, maritime polar, maritime tropical, continental tropical. |
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Continental Arctic |
Bring extremely cold temperatures and little moisture. Originate in the arctic circle and move across canada and the US in winter. |
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Continental Polar |
Bring cold and dry weather but not as cold as continental arctic. Form south of the arctic circle and affect US winter weather. In summer, only affect norther portion of US. |
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Maritime Polar |
Cool and moist, bring cloudy, damp weather to the US. Form over norther atlantic and pacific oceans. can form at any time of the year. Usually warmer that continental polar. |
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Maritime Tropical |
Bring warm temp and moisture. most common over eastern US and created over the southern atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico. Can form year round but mostly in summer. |
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Continental Tropical |
Form over desert southwest and northern mexico in the summer. Begin over the equator where moist air is heated and rises. As air moves away from the equator it begins to cool causing precipitation in the tropics and leaving the air dry. Over 100 degrees in the summer. |
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Wind |
Horizontal movement of air |
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Doldrums |
Moist air is heated and rises leaving low pressure regions called doldrums - regions of little steady air movement. |
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Trade Winds |
Warm steady breezes that blow continuously. Steering force for tropical storms. |
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4 types of clouds |
Stratus, Cumulus, Cirrus, Nimbus |
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Stratus Clouds |
Horizontal, layered clouds that appear to blanket the sky. Form where warm, moist air passes over cool air. |
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Cumulus Clouds |
Puffy and look like cotton balls. Form when warm, moist air is forced upward. As the air rises it cools. Size depends on the force of the upward movement. Produce heavy thunderstorms in the winter. |
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Cirrus Clouds |
Wispy and feathery. Only form at high altitudes and are composed of icy crystals. |
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Nimbus Clouds |
Produce Precipitation |
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Runoff |
Occurs when rain water falls to land and moves across the land to rivers or other water sites. Occurs when the quantity of rainfall exceeds the rate at which the soil can absorb the water. |
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Percolation |
The downward movement of water through the soil and rock in the ground. |
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Leaching |
The process by which materials in the soil are transferred in the water. |
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Sinkholes |
Formed when cavities form under the surface of the earth. Formed when water filling the cavities is either evaporated or absorbed. Weight of soil collapses it. |
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Aquifer |
A formation the transmits water under the surface of the earth. When digging a well, the aquifer is the water source. |
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Reservoir |
A lake-like area where water is kept until needed, may be canals or retention ponds, may be natural or man made. |
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3 ways heat is transfered through the earth's system. |
Radiation, conduction, convection |
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Radiation |
When heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves. (heating of the skin by the sun) |
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Conduction |
Occurs when heat transfers through molecular movement. The warmth of your body heating a metal bar that is cold. |
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Convection |
Occurs through the movement of masses, either air or water. Occurs when hot air rises, cools then falls. |
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8 planets |
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
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Mercury |
Smallest planet, closest to the sun. Has no moons. Has hardly an atmosphere and is most like the moon's surface. |
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Venus |
Second planet from the sun. Very hot due to thick gasses in the atmosphere causing a green house effect. |
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Earth |
3rd planet from the sun. Oceans cover 3/4 of the surface. Earth has 1 moon. |
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Mars |
4th planet from the sun. Named "red planet" because it is covered with rusty colored soil. 2 moons called Phobos and Diemos. |
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Jupiter |
5th planet from the sun and the largest planet. Has small rings and is known for it's large red spot. |
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Saturn |
6th planet from the sun. Second largest planet. Has about 20 moons and is known for it's rings. |
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Uranus |
7th planet from the sun. third largest. Blue-green planet made up of hydrogen, helium and methane. It has 9 faint rings that are made up of rocks and dust. It's poles point sideways and has an angle of 98 degrees. Has 5 large moons and 10 small moonlets. |
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Neptune |
Eighth planet from the sun and 4th largest. |
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Pluto |
Now considered a dwarf planet. Smaller that the earth's moon. Yellowish in color. Orbit is tilted. Sometimes Pluto is closer to the sun than Neptune. |
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Comets |
Bodies in space made of rocks, frozen gasses, frozen water and dust. Orbit the sun and contain a tail. |
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Asteroids |
Made up of rock, metal, or ice and are like planets in that they orbit the sun. A belt of asteroids exists between Mars and Jupiter and separates the planets. |
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Meteors |
Objects that rotate around the sun but are too small to be called asteroids or comets. Made from bits and pieces of the solar system that have fallen into the earth's atmosphere. |
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Stars |
Made up entirely of gases and are mostly made of hydrogen. Stars are born in hot gas and dust. Color, temp and size depend on the stars mass. |
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Moons |
Satellites of planets. Orbit around a planet. Moon and earth interact between gravitational pull. The moon's pull on earth affects the tides of the ocean. |
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A full moon |
occurs when the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of the earth. Giving a full reflection of the moon's surface. |
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A new moon |
Occurs when the moon and sun are on the same side of the earth. Giving no reflection of the moon's surface toward the earth. |
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First quarter moon |
Between a new moon and a full moon. Right 50% of the moon's surface is visible. |
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Last quarter moon |
Between a full moon and a new moon. Left 50% of moon's surface is visible. |
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Criteria to be a living thing (6) |
1. Made up of cells 2. Obtain and use energy 3. Grow and develop 4. Reproduce 5. Respond to stimuli in the environment 6. Adapt to the environment |
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Taxonomy |
The classification of living things into categories based on physical characteristics. |
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Taxonomical Classification |
8 levels developed by Carolus Linnaeus - kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, domain |
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Domains |
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Kingdoms |
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals |
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Cells |
Smallest unit of living things. Contain cell membranes, cytoplasm, organelles, and DNA |
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Cell Membranes |
Surround the cell and provide a protective layer that covers the surface of the cell and acts as a barrier to the environment. Controls what materials go in and out of the cell. |
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Cytoplasm |
Fluid inside the cell membrane |
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Organelles |
Carry out the life processes within the cell. Perform specific functions within the cell. |
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DNA |
Genetic material needed to make new cells. |
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Eukaryotes |
Cells that contain a nucleus. Can have cell walls. |
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Prokaryotes |
Cells that do not contain a nucleus |
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Cellulose |
Makes up the cell walls of plants and algae. A complex sugar that animals can not digest without help. |
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Cell Membrane |
Just inside the cell wall. Cells without cell walls, the cell membrane is the outermost part of cell. Contains proteins, lipids and phospholipids |
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Proteins and lipids |
Control the movement of larger materials into and out of the cell. |
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Cytoskeleton |
The web of proteins inside the cytoplasm. Acts both as muscles and skeleton of the cell. Keeps cell membrane from collapsing and helps cells move. |
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Nucleolus |
A dark area in the nucleus in which the cell begins to make ribosomes. |
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Ribosomes |
The smallest of all organelles. Some float in the cytoplasm while others are attache to membranes or the cytoskeleton. Ribosomes build proteins which are made of amino acids. All cells need protein to live so all cells have ribosomes. |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids and other materials are made. |
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Rough ER |
Covered in ribosomes and usually found near the nucleus. |
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Smooth ER |
Does not contain ribosomes, makes lipids and breaks down toxic material that could damage the cell. |
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Mitochondrion |
Power source of the cell. The organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy. Covered by 2 membranes Outter and inner membrane. Make a substance called ATP (the form of energy that cells use). Most of a cells ATP is made in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. |
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Golgi Complex |
The organelle that packages and distributes proteins. Looks like Smooth ER but it's job is to take the lipids and proteins made from the ER and deliver it to the other parts of the cell. Might modify lipids and proteins to do different jobs. |
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Vesicle |
A piece of the golgi complex membrane that is pinched off in a small vesicle. Transports the lips and proteins to other parts of the cell or outside the cell. |
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Lysosomes |
The vesicles responsible for digestion inside a cell. Organelles that contain digestive enzymes that destroy worn out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste and protect the cell from invaders. |
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Vaculoes |
Large vesicles. In plant and fungi cells some vacuoles act like large lysosomes by storing digestive enzymes and aiding in digestion within the cell. |
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Chloroplasts |
Present in plant cells but not animal cells. Allow the plant to harness energy from the sun. |
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Photosynthesis |
Takes place in chloroplasts. Allows plants and algae to use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar and oxygen. |
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Chloroplasts |
Green because they contain chlorophyll. |
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Chlorophyll |
Traps the energy from the sunlight which is then used in photosynthesis to make the sugar glucose. Glucose is then used by the mitochondria to make ATP. |
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Prokaryotes |
Single-celled organism. Small and simple cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Divided into 2 domains - Archaea and Bacteria |
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Archaeabacteria |
Single-celled microorganisms. No cell nucleus or complex organelles, but their cells contain DNA and ribosomes to carry on the functions of life Similar in shape to bacteria. Live in a variety of harsh, oxygen deprived habitats including hot springs, salt lakes, soils, oceans and marsh lands. |
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Eubacteria |
Large groups of single cell organisms that grow in nearly every environment on earth. Micrometers in length, can be classified based on their shape, type of cell wall, methods of movement and ways of obtaining energy. |
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Bacteria Shapes |
Cocci - Spheres Bacilli - Rods Spirilla - Spirals |
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Bacteria 3 basic roles in nature |
1. Act as decomposers to return raw materials and nutrients to the soil for other life. 2. Nitrogen fixers, turn nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen that is useful for life. 3. Cause disesase (these bacteria are called pathogens) |
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Bacteria |
Can live outside a host. Made of cells. |
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Viruses |
Cannot live outside a host. Use cells they infect and do not have cells of their own. Made of a protein coat that surrounds either DNA or RNA. common cold, flu, chicken pox, ebola, AIDS and SARS. Can not be killed without killing the host cell. Vaccinations help body's immune system eliminate the virus. |
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Eukaryotes |
Organisms whose cells contain complex structures including membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus containing DNA. Typically much larger that prokaryotes. Microscopic but 10 x's larger than bacteria. (protists, fungi, plants, animals) |
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Protists |
Organisms similar to plants, fungi and animals but do not fit into those kingdoms. All protists are eukaryotic. Less complex that eukaryotic organisms. Do not have specialized tissues. |
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Heterotrophs |
Protists that consume food in their environment. Eat bacteria, yeast or other protists. |
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Parasites |
Protist heterotrophs that invade other organisms called hosts to obtain nutrients. |
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Protist Reproduction |
Asexual and sexual |
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Conjugation |
2 individuals join together and exchange genetic material using a second nucleus. Divide and produce 4 protists. |
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3 types of protists |
1. Plant-like (Act as producers) 2. Animal-like 3. Fungus-like |
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Phytoplankton |
Free-flowing single-cell protists. Microscopic and usually float near the waters surface. Produce much of the world's oxygen. |
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Protozoans |
Heterotroph Animal-like protists. (Amoeba) |
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Amoebas |
Found in fresh and salt water and as parasites in animals. Appear shapeless but are highly structured.Eat bacteria and small protists but some are parasites. Move with pseudopodia or fake feet. |
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Zooflagellate |
Another protozoan. Moves with Flagella. Some are parasites and cause disease while others are mutualists. |
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Ciliates |
Complex protists that have hundreds of tiny hair like structures called cilia. (Paramecium) |
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Water Mold |
Heterotrophs that do not move. |
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Slime Mold |
Uses pseudopodia to move when conditions are favorable. Forms spores and does not move when conditions are not favorable. |
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Fungi |
Eukaroytoic hetertrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. Must live on or near a food supply. Dissolve food with digestive juices. Fungi can be consumers, decomposers, parasites or mutualists. |
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Hyphae |
chains of cells |
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Mycelium |
A twisted mass of hyphae. Hidden from view under ground. |
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Asexual fungi reproduction |
Breaking apart of producing spores. |
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Sexual fungi reproduction |
Sex cells are formed and then joined together to make sexual spores that grow into new fungi. |
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4 main groups of fungi |
Threadlike Sac Club Imperfect |
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Threadlike Fungi |
Live in soil and are decomposers, some are parasites. Reproduce asexually using spore cases called sporangia and sexually when the hypas join together. (Black break mold) |
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Sac Fungi |
Includes yeast, mildews, truffles, and morels. Reproduce both asexually through a sac called an ascus and sexually through spores. Can be used for vitamins or antibiotics or can be parasites and kill plants. |
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Club Fungi |
Mushrooms. Reproduce sexually. |
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Imperfect Fungi |
All other species of fungi. Reproduce asexually. Most are parasites that cause disease in plants and animals. Causes Athlete's Foot. Penicillin is derived from an imperfect fungi. |
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Autotroph |
Creates it's own food. |
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Plants |
Eukaryotic multicellular autotroph. 2 stage life cycle, and have cell walls. |
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2 stages of a plant's life cycle |
Sporophyte stage and gametophyte stage |
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Sporophyte Stage |
Plants make spores which can grow in a suitable environment. |
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Gametophyte Stage |
Male and female parts make gametes. Female gametophytes produce eggs and male gametophytes produce sperm. |
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Nonvascular Plants |
Do not have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients through the plants. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts. Must rely on diffusion to move materials from one part of the plant to another. Very small plants |
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Vascular Plants |
Have tissues called Vascular Tissues, which move water and nutrients from one part of the plant to another. Can move water and nutrients to any part of the plant. These plants can be very large. |
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2 types of vascular tissue |
Xylem and Phloem |
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Vascualr plants divided into 3 groups |
Seedless plants (ferns, horsetails, club mosses) Nonflowering seed plants (gymnosperms) Flowering seed plants (angiosperms) - divided into monocots and dicots. |
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Photosynthesis |
Plants use the energy from sunlight to make food from carbon dioxide and water. 6CO2+6H20 --- > C6H12O6+6O2 |
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Cuticle |
Protects plants. A waxy layer that coats the surfaces of plants which are exposed to air. Prevents plant from drying out and water loss. |
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Stomata |
Opening in the leafs surface which can open and close. This is how carbon dioxide gets in. |
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Transpiration |
The loss of water through the leaf. Water absorbed through the roots replaces this water lost. |
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Stamen |
Male part of the flower. Made up of the Anther (makes the pollen) and the filament (holds up the anther). |
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Pistil |
Female part of the flower. Made of stigma, style and ovary. |
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Pollination |
Occurs when pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas. |
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Plantlets |
Plant asexual reproduction. Tiny plants grow along the edges of the plants leaves. Plantlets fall off and grow new plants. |
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Tubers |
Underground stems that can produce new plants. |
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Runners |
Above ground stems that produce new plants. |
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Cellular Respiration |
The process by which plants convert the energy that is stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use. Happens in the mitochondria. |
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Animals |
Eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs. Animal cells do not have cell walls. Animal cells are surrounded by membranes. |
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2 types of animals |
Vertebrates and invertebrates |
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Invertebrates |
Do not have a backbone. Insects, snails, jellyfish, worms and sponges. |
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Vertebrates |
Have a backbone. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Less than 5% of animals. |
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3 basic symmetries of invertebrates |
Bilateral (most), Radial, Asymmetry. |
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Sponges |
Simplest invertebrates. They are asymmetrical and have no tissues. Marine animals. |
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Cnidarians |
Have stinging cells. More complex than sponges. Have complex tissues and a simple network of nerve cells. Jellyfish, sea anemone, Coral. |
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Flatworms |
Simplest kind of worm. Bilateral symmetry. 3 types - planarians and marine flatworms(frshwater or damp places on land), flukes (parasites that have suckers allowing the to attach to animals) and tapeworms (parasites, do not have a gut, attach to the intestines of another animal and get nutrients.) |
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Roundworms |
Have bodies that are long slim and round. Bilateral symmetry and a simple nervous system. Parasites. |
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Segmented worms |
Bilateral symmetry but are more complex. Have a closed circulatory system and a complex nervous system. Can live in salt, fresh water or live on land. Can eat plant or animal material. Earthworms, marine worms or leeches. |
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Mollusks |
Live in ocean, fresh water or land. 3 categories gastropods(snails and slugs), bivalves(clams and shellfish), cephalopods (squids and octopus). |
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Echinoderms |
Spiny-skinned invertebrates. Include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. Radial symmetry. Pg. 170 |
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Anthropods |
Largest group of animals. 75%. Have an exoskeleton. 3 main body parts: head, thorax, abdomen. Centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters), spiders, and insects. |
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2 types of vertebrates |
Endotherms, ectotherms |
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Endotherms |
Warm-blooded animals able to regulate their own body temp. Birds and mammals. |
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Ectotherms |
Cold-blooded animals unable to regulate their own body temp. Amphibians, reptiles and fish. |
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3 types of fish |
Jawless fish (eel like), cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays), bony fish. |
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Amphibians |
Live part of their lives in the water and part on land. |
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3 groups of amphibians |
Caecilians, Salamanders, and frogs & toads |
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Caecilians |
live in tropical areas of Asia, Africa and South America and look like earth worms or snakes. |
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Amniotic Eggs |
eggs of reptiles, they hold a fluid that protects the embryo. Also have a shell. |
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Four groups of reptiles |
Turtles and tortoises, crocodiles and alligators, lizards and snakes, tuataras. |
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4 groups of birds |
1. Flightless birds 2. Water birds 3. Perching birds 4. Birds of prey |
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Placental Mammals |
Embryos develop inside the mom and areattached to her through the placenta. Rodents, rabbits, bats, walruses, elephants, giraffes, whales and apes. |
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Monotremes |
Mammals that lay eggs. Echidnas and platypus. |
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Marsupials |
Carry their young in a pouch. Koalas, Opossums and kangaroos. |
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11 organ systems in the human body |
Integumentary, muscular, skeletal, cardiovascualr and circulatory, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous, digestive, lymphatic, endocrine. Pg. 173 |
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Created the principles of heredity |
Gregor Mendel |
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Asexual reproduction process |
Mitosis |
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Sexual reproduction process |
Meiosis |
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Adaptation |
Advantageous traits passed from parents to young. |
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Charles Darwin |
Natural Selection |
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Steps of the Scientific Method (6) |
1. Ask a question 2. Make Observations 3. Hypothesize 4. Predict 5. Test 6. Conclude |
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Theory |
A well-validated and well-supported explanation of some aspect of the natural world. |
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Hypothesis |
A tentative and testable insight into the natural world which is not yet verified. |
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Law |
A truthful explanation of different events that happen with uniformity under certain conditions |
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Validity |
The degree to which a measure accurately assesses the specific concept it is designed to measure. (Accuracy of the instrument) |
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Reliability |
The consistency of a set of measurements or measuring instrument. (Precision of the instrument) |
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Nano |
1 billionth |
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The inquiry Process involves: |
Observation Measurement Experimentation Communication Mental Processes |
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The 5-Step Experiential Learning Cycle |
Exploration (Do it) Sharing (What happened?) Processing (What's important?) - discuss Generalizing (So what?) - real life connections Application (Now what?) - how can this be applied to other situations? |
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Engagement |
Teacher presents a problem, pre-assesses the students, helps students make connections and informs students of the goals, procedures and objectives of the activity. |
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Exploration |
In this stage students are actively engaged in collecting or finding data to solve the problem. |
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Explanation |
Students use the data they have collected to solve the problem, answer and report their thinking processes. |
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Elaboration |
Students are given new information questions in order to extend what they learned in the earlier parts of the learning cycle. |
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Diagnostic Assessment |
Pre-test. Used to help determine what students know when they begin an educational task. |
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Formative Assessment |
Used to help guide day-day classroom activities. |
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Student Outcome or Summative Assessment |
Used to find out what students have learned and mastered |
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Comparative Assessment |
Used to determine how an individual or group outcome compares to another. |
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Student Assessment |
Used to help determine the effect of a program. |
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Traditional Assessment |
Involves students selecting responses from exam questions. |
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Standardized Testing |
The administration of tests under controlled conditions and using consistent scoring procedures. |
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Performance Assessment |
The direct, systematic observation of an actual student's performance and rating of that performance according to a pre-established criteria. |
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Alternative Assessment |
Oral presentations, essays. Not a traditional assessment. |
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Authentic Assessment |
Involves presenting tasks that reflect the kind of mastery demonstrated by experts or real-world situations. |