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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Normal fluid volume for a adult male is __, female is __, infant is __
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60,50,70
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The fluid within cells, also known as cytosol
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intracellular fluid
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the fluid found outside of cells
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extracellular fluid
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the fluid surrounding cells
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interistial fluid
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the fluid component of blood
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plasma
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There are __ liters of body water in the normal adult male
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42
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Intracellular fluid accounts for __ of total body weight
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40% or 2/3
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Extracellular fluid accounts for __ of total body weight
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20% or 1/3
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Functions of body fluids is to ___ healthy living condition for body cells.
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maintain
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Function of body fluid helps ___ cellular waste
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clear
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Body fluids are used to ___ enzymes and hormones, ___ red blood cells throughout body and ___ WBC to attack bacteria
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transports, carries, carries
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To maintain homeostasis in the body, there is ___ mEq of both ___ and ____
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154, cations and anions
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Gastric secretions contain high concentrations of _ ions because of its acidity
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Hydrogen
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Pancreatic secretions are highly ___ because of high concentrations of bicarbonate
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alkaline
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Bile, gasatric and pancreatic secretions all contain high concentrations of ____
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sodium
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Electrolytes ____ neuromuscular irritability. ____ body fluid osmolality. ____ acid base balance and ____ distribution of body fluids amond the body fluid compartments
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promote, maintain, regulates, regulates
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Movement of fluid and soultes requiring energy. An example of this would be what/
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active transport. Sodium potassium pump
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The transportation of of fluid and solutes requiring no energy
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Passive transport
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This inovlves the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low solutes to a concentration of high solutes
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osmosis
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This is a passive proces by which molecules of solute move through a cellmembrane from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
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diffusion
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The movement of both water and pariticles from an area of high pressure to low pressure
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Filtration
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The concentration of solutes in body fluid
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osmolality
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The standard unit of osmotic pressure
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osmol
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substance that is idssolved in a solution
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solute
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Substance that dissolves the solute
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solvent
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In isotonic conditions. everything is ____
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equal
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A hypertonic solution means there is a ____concentration of solutes in the ___ and this will ___ cells.
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high, ECF, shrink
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A hypotonic solution means there is a ____ concentration of solutes in the ECF and this will cause movement of water from the ecf to the ___ and will cause the cell to ___
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low , ICF, explode
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What 3 things affect the rate of diffusion?
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size of molecule, concentration of solution and the temperature
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The movement of a substance from an area of High concentration to a lower one by using carrier molecules for help
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faciliated diffusion
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The force created by fluid within a closed system. Blood flows from higher pressure arterial system to lower pressure capillaries and veins
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hydrostatic pressure
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the pressure exerted by molecules that retain water and helps keep vluid in the intravascular space
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oncotic
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the movement of molecules form low concentration to high concentration
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active transport
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Normal fluid intake and losses in adults should = ___ mL/day
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2500
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Fluid losses that can be measured?
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sensible
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fluid losses that cannot be measured
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insensible
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Fluid loss can ____ and cause mulitple problems
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accumulate
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Populations at risk for dehydrations include?
a. infants b. adolescents c. patients with congestive heart failure |
infants
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Checking for ortostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs of:
a. hypovolemia b. low serum osmolality c. high serum osmolality |
Hypovolemia
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Signs of hypervolemia include: a. rapid, bounding pulse b. clear, watery sputum c. sever hypertension
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rapid bounding pulse
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Water intoxication can be caused by: a. admistering too much hypertonic fluid, b. admistering too much hypotonic fluid c. sever hypertension
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B
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What organ is the principle regulator of fluid and electrolyte balance
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Kidney
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Pressure sensors in the vascular system stimulate or inhibit the release of ___ from the pituitary gland
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ADH
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____ causes the kidneys to retain fluid
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ADH
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If fluid volume within the vascular system is low, the pituitary gland releases ____ ADH to retain fluid
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more
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if fluid volume is too high the Pituitary gland ___ releasing ADH causing the kidney to elminate fluid
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stops
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The adrenal cortex releases the hormone called ____ to Hold on to H2O and sodium and excrete ___
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Aldosterone, and potassium
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The thyroid hormone increases cardiac regulation. So the more thryoid hormone relased the increase in cardiac output increasing glomerular filtration and the output of ___ and ___
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sodium and water
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The major cation of the ECF
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Sodium
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normal serum level of sodium is __-__mEq/l
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135-145
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The functions of this electrolyte is to: regulate fluid volume, help maintains blood volume, interacts with calcium to maintain muscle contractions, stimulates conduction of nerve impulses
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Sodium
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The major cation in the ICF is____ and the normal serum level is _-__ mEq/l
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potassium 3.5-5
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This electrolyte maintains the ICF osmolality, regulates conduction of cardiac rhythm, transmits electrical impulses in mulitplebody systems and assists with acid-base balances
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potassium
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____ is responstible for bone health and neuromuscular and and cardiac function
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calcium
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This electrolyte promotes transmision of nerve impulses, retulages muscle contractions, catalysts for many cellular activites
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calcium
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The normal serum level of calcium is __-___
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8.5-10.5
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This electrolytes normal serum level is 1.3-2.1
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magnesium
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Changes of volume in the ECF is classified as ___, ____ or ___ fluid losses
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isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic
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The accumulation of fluid in the compartment other than ICF or ECF
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3rd spacing
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isotonic fluid volume deficit is also known as ____
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hypovolemia
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The first symptom of hypovolemia is?
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thirst
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As fluid volume decreases, the heart pumps ___ , has a ___ pulse and __ BP
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faster, weak, low
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What are these symptoms.
weight loss, decrease skin turgor, non-moist oral cavity, decrease in urinary output, High pulse, low Bp |
isotonic fluid volume deficit
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Isotonic fluid volume excess is the abnormal retention of both ___ and ___ and causes ___
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salt, water, edema
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ANother name for fluid volume excess
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hypervolemia
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IN hypervolemia the BP is ___, pulse is ____ an respirations are ___ and ___. Neck veins become ____
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elevated, bouding, shallow and weak. Distended
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What doe these characteristics define:
weight gain over a short period of time, perpheral edema, Distended neck and veins, moist rales in lungs, Decreased BUN |
Isotonic fluid volume excess
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in terms of edema
2mm 4mm 6mm remains several seconds after pressing 8mm |
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+
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This type of diretic pulls out potassium, sodium and water
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Loop
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Typical american diet contains 3 to 5 grams of salt a day we need only 1200 mG of salt
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info
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This type of fluid deficit is caused by loss of water in excess of sodium and other electrolytes
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hypertonic fluid deficit
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Hypertonic fluid deficit causes what?
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cellular dehydration
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These are characteristics of what? Weight loss, weak pulse, hypotension, tachycardia, thirst, changes of mental status. Lab work includes Serum NA levels > 145, > specific gravity
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Hypertonic fluid deficit
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T or false. Dehydration causes Temperature to raise?
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True
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Excess fluid moves from extracellular space to the intracellular space and is knonw as water intoxication
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Hypotonic fluid excess
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What are these diagnosis of?rapid pulse and respirations, mucus membranes dry, fontanel sunken, eyes sunken, poor skin turgor, tearing and salavation absent, Irritable, lethargic, comatose, convulsions
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dehydrations.
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This electrolyte maintains fluid balance
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sodium
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This electrolyte contributes to acid-base balance
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hydrogen
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This is the result from loss of sodium containing fluids or excess of water
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hyponatremia
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na< 135 s/s is anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle twitching, seizures
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hyponatremia
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Sodium > 145 excessive sodium intake, increased water loss through sweating
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Hypernatremia
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Dilutional is the most common cause of this. Exessive fluid intake, causes confusion and edema, Treatment is to decrease fluid intake
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Hyponatremia
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most common cause is fluid loss without the loss of sodium. Dry tissues low, urine output, tachycardia, neurological changes
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Hypernatremia
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signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
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Skin flushed
agitation Low grade fever Thirst |
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normal levels of potassium in the blood stream
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3.5-5
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Potassium = muscle tone and nerve transmission
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info
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this electrolyte imbalance is caused by increased loss of potassium or increased fluid
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hypokalemia
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The symptom of this electrolyte imbalance is muscle flaccidity
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hypokalemia
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Treatment for this is potassium supplements
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hypokalemia
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Causes of this electrolyte embalance is: cell wall destruction, increased intake, renal failure
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hyperkalemia
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Symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance is irritable muscles
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hyperkalemia
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Regulates muscle contraction/relaxation. Nerve impluse transmission, necessary for coagulation
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calcium
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normal levels of calcium is?
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8.5 to 10.5
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This electrolyte imbalance is caued by decreased calcium intake, increased phosphate levels, renal disease, acute pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism
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Hypocalcemia
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Symptoms of this electrolyte imbalance are hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, neurological changes, parethesia, and arrythmia
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hypocalcemia
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this is the sign is a contraction of a facial muscle in response to a tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear and occurs in these electrolyte disorders
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Chvostek sign
hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia |
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this refers to carpal spasms induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm and occursin in these electrolyte disorders
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Trosseaus sign
hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia |
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Tingle twitch and tetany is
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hypocalcemia and hypomagnesia
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the causes of this are increased intake of calcium, hyperparathyroidism, immobilization
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hypercalcemia
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Magnesium is a _____, it helps with _____ transport of NA and K, neuromuscular tone, and cellular metabolism
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sedative, cellular
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causes of this electrolyte imbalance is excessive dietary intake of Ca or Vitamin D, GI fluid losses, diuretics, malnutrition, pancreatitis, alcoholism
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hypomagnesemia
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Symptons of this are increased muscle cell irritability and contractility, low BP, arrythmias
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hypomagnesemia
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memmory jogger for hypomagnesemia
STARVED |
seizures, tetany, anorexia, rapid heart rate, vmoiting, emotional liability, deep tendon reflexes increased
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these cause what electrolyte embalance. Renal failure, excessive use off magnesium containing products, diabetic keto acidosis
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hypermagnesemia
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Memory jogger for hypermagnesemia
RENAL |
Reflexes decreased, ECG changes, Nausea and vomiting, appearnce flused, lethargic
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Water pushing pressure
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hydrostatic pressure
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the movement of electrolytes into and out of a cell
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diffusion
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the movement of water only through a selectively permeable membrane
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osmosis
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the unit of measure in a liter of solution that reflects the concentration of solutes
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osmolality
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the movement of fluid through a membrane usually occurs from capillaries to the interstitial space
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filtration
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Populations at risk for dehydration include:
a. infants b. adolescents c. patients with congestive heart failure |
A.
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Checking for orthostatic hypotension allows the nurse to detect early signs of:
a. hypovolemia b. low serum osmolality c. high serum osmolality |
A
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Signs of hypervolemia include:
a. rapid bounding pulse b. clear, watery sputum c. sever hypertension |
A
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Water intoxication can be caused by:
a. administering too much hypertonic fluid. B. administering to much hypotonic fluid. C. sever hypertension |
B
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Besides its responsibility for fluid balance, sodium is also responsible for:
a. Good eyesite b. bone structure c. impulse transmission |
C
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symptoms of hyponatremia inlcude:
a. headache, anxiety, and edema b. rapid breathing, thirst, and high energy level c. chest pain, fever, pericardial rub |
a
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increased serum sodium causes thirst and the relase of:
a. potassium into the cells b. fluid into the interstitium c. ADH into the blood stream |
C
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Correction of hypernatremia must be done slowly in order to avoid:
a. cellular swelling and possible brain damage b. in a rebound effect of hyponatremia c. inaccurate lab results caused by rapid change |
A
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Potassium is responsible for;
A building muscle mass b. building bone structure and strength. c. maintaining the hearbeat |
C
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Stewert has a potassium level of 5.5mEq/L which intervention is appropriate?
a. increase dietary intake of bananas, oragnes and tomatoes b. low dose oral potassium supplements. c. kayexalate ingestion |
C
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neromuscular signs and symptoms of hypokalemia include:
a. Confusion and irritability b. Diminished deep tendon reflexes c. parkinsonian type tremors |
B
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In addition to calcium's regulatin of muscle contractions/relaxation, it also:
a. is necessary for blood coagulation bl regulates cellular balance along with potassium c. maintains an acid-base balance |
a
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A condition of hypocalcemia results in the following:
a. positive homan's sign b. positive chvosteks sign c. negative trousseaus sign |
B
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Hyper calcemia may cause lethargy confusion, weakness and :
a. kidney stones b. tooth growth c. bone fractures |
a
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Magnesium is an important electrolye because it:
a. helps control urine volume b. promotes the production of growth hormone c. facilitates neuromucular transmission |
C
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your patient has crohn's disease develops tremors while receiving total parenteral nutrition. Suspecting that she might have hypomagnesemia, you assess her neuromuscular system. you would expect to see:
a. homan's sign b. chvostek's sign c. hypoactive deep tendon reflexes |
B
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when teaching your patient with hypomagnesemia about a proper diet, you should recommend that he consume plenty of.
a. Seafood bl fruits c. corn products |
A
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