Electrolyte Homeostasis

Front 1

What must the fluid surrounding the cells in the body maintain for the cells to function properly?

Back 1

Specific concentration of electrolytes

Front 2

What is the definition of colloid osmotic pressure?

Back 2

the osmotic effect due to the pressure of protein

Front 3

What is the definition of hydrostatic pressure?

Back 3

The force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall

Front 4

How do electrolytes enter the body?

Back 4

Food and beverages we eat and drink

Front 5

How do electrolytes leave the body?

Back 5

Urine
Skin
Feces

Front 6

Give an important function of electrolysis.

Back 6

Controlling fluid movement between fluid compartments

Front 7

Is the movement of fluid across the cell membranes different or similar to the movement between the interstitial fluid in the plasma?

Back 7

it differs

Front 8

How do electrolytes move across the cell membrane?

Back 8

Ion channels
Ion Pumps

Front 9

What do ion pumps do?

Back 9

move against their concentration gradient

Front 10

What do channels for Na+ allow?

Back 10

allows ions to diffuse from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower

Front 11

What do channels for K+ allow?

Back 11

areas of higher to areas of lower

Front 12

Describe permeability of the cell membrane to water

Back 12

freely permeable

Front 13

Describe the movement of water across teh cell membrane

Back 13

from ICF to ECF

Front 14

What does Na+ exert?

Back 14

significant osmotic pressure

Front 15

Is the movement of the interstitial fluid compartment and plasma the same or different from fluid movement between the interstitial fluid compartment and the intracellular compartment?

Back 15

different

Front 16

What moves easily through the gaps between the epothelial cells that make up the capillary walls?

Back 16

Ions
Water
Small solutes

Front 17

Why don't proteins easily leave capillaries?

Back 17

to big to leave

Front 18

What does protein in the plasma exert?

Back 18

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 19

Describe the movement of water that results from the osmotic pressure caused by the protein in the plasma.

Back 19

moves from the interstitial fluid into the plasma

Front 20

Describe the movement of fluid that results from hydrostatic pressure.

Back 20

forces fluid towards the interstitial fluid

Front 21

Which pressure is stronger at the arteriole end of a capillary?

Back 21

hydrostatic pressure

Front 22

In which direction is fluid forced?

Back 22

into the interstitial fluid

Front 23

Which pressure is greater at the venous end of a capillary?

Back 23

osmotic effect of protein

Front 24

In which direction does the fluid move at the venous end?

Back 24

into the plasma

Front 25

In the concentration of Na+ in the plasma were increased, what would happen to the concentration of Na+ in the interstitial fluid?

Back 25

increase

Front 26

What would follow the Na+ into the interstitial fluid?

Back 26

Water

Front 27

What effect would an increase in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?

Back 27

cells shrink

Front 28

What is the definition of edema?

Back 28

An accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid

Front 29

What are four causes of edema?

Back 29

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary permeability
lymphatic obstruction

Front 30

What will happen to colloid osmotic pressure if plasma decreases?

Back 30

it will decrease

Front 31

In which direction will water move as a result of a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure?

Back 31

into the interstitial fluid

Front 32

What will happen to the blood pressure as wate moves from the plasma into the interstitial fluid compartment?

Back 32

blood pressure decreases

Front 33

What pressure increases as a result of an increase in blood pressure?

Back 33

hydrostatic pressure

Front 34

Describe the movement of fluid that results from an increase in the hydrostatic pressure?

Back 34

more fluid into the interstitial compartment

Front 35

What are the two causes of local edema?

Back 35

injury
swelling

Front 36

Describe the movement of protien that results from an increase in capillary permeability.

Back 36

Creates an osmotic effect that pulls more fluid into the interstitial fluid

Front 37

What does the movement of pretein create and how does this affect the movement of a fluid?

Back 37

Move through the lymph back to the plasma

Front 38

What affect does obstruction of lymphatic capillaries have on the return of interstitial fluid to venous capillaries?

Back 38

hinders blood flow

Front 39

Where does interstitial fluid get trapped?

Back 39

interstitial compartment

Front 40

Which ion has the most significant osmotic effect on the extracellular fluid?

Back 40

Na+

Front 41

What is the definition of hypernatremia?

Back 41

an excess of sodium in the extracellular fluid greater than 145 meq/L

Front 42

What effect would an increase in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?

Back 42

cells shrink

Front 43

What is the definition of hyponatremia?

Back 43

a below normal level of sodium in the extracellular fluid less than 136 meq/L

Front 44

What effect would a decrease in Na+ concentration have on the cells bathed by the interstitial fluid?

Back 44

cells swell

Front 45

What are the two major roles of Na+?

Back 45

Nerve impulse conduction an muscle contraction
Regulation of water movement

Front 46

If Na+ levels change, what also changes?

Back 46

determine fluid levels in other compartments

Front 47

What are the two reasons for an increase in plasma Na+?

Back 47

Too much water is lost from the plasma without corresponding loss of Na+
Too much Na+ is added to the plasma without adding more water

Front 48

Would neurons shrink or swell as a result of hypernatremia?

Back 48

Shrink

Front 49

How does hypernatremia affect thirst?

Back 49

thirst increases

Front 50

How does hypernatremia affect urine output?

Back 50

Decreases

Front 51

What do the kidneys do with respect to the Na+ concentration in plasma?

Back 51

fine-tune

Front 52

What is the definition of Aldosterone?

Back 52

Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland which promotes sodium reabsorption and potassiim secretion by the kidney

Front 53

What will happen if ADL is present?

Back 53

water will follow Na+ reabsorption

Front 54

What effect will water reabsorption have on blood pressure?

Back 54

increases blood pressure

Front 55

Besides Na+ what does aldosterone also have an effect on?

Back 55

Potassium

Front 56

Where does K+ end up in the presence of aldosterone?

Back 56

filtrate to the urine

Front 57

What can some diuretics cause?

Back 57

potassium deficiency

Front 58

What is the definition of hypokalemia?

Back 58

a below normal level of potassium in the extracellular fluid less thatn 3.5 meq/L

Front 59

Why is hypokalemia clinically significant?

Back 59

there is no mechanism to compensate for renal losses of K+

Front 60

Where is most K+ found?

Back 60

inside cells

Front 61

Give a role for K+

Back 61

responsible for intracellular fluid volume through osmosis

Front 62

What is K+ responsible for

Back 62

intracellular volume through osmosis

Front 63

What would happen if there were and increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid?

Back 63

will shrink

Front 64

Give another role for K+

Back 64

osmosis

Front 65

What charge will be left inside a cell as a result of K+ leakage?

Back 65

negative charge

Front 66

Give another role for K+

Back 66

Membrane potential
electrical balance

Front 67

What is calcium homeostasis crucial to?

Back 67

to normal body function

Front 68

What is the definition of hypercalcemia?

Back 68

an excess of calcium in the extracellular fluid greater than 11 mg/100 ml

Front 69

What can happen if the Ca2+ level gets to low?

Back 69

muscle spasms