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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ancient Ecology
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The rhythms of nature interpreted into Egyptian culture and religion. e.g. The Nile, Agricultural cycles.
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The Delta
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Lower Egypt, majority of Egyptians live here. Flat land. Fayum to Mediterranean
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The Valley
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Upper Egypt, very fertile. Fayum to Aswan
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Cataracts
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Rapids that form a natural boundary to the south
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Qena Bend
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The spot where the Nile takes a turn. The "leaf"
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Middle Egypt
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Asyut to Cairo
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Fayum
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The most important Oasis, connected to the nile. Popular hunting and fishing center.
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Nile Phases
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The phases that shaped the water flow of the nile from barely there to rich river.
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Akh
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The power and transfigured spirit of the deceased that went on to be with the Gods in the afterlife.
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Mortuary Temple
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Temples that were constructed in/near the royal tombs. They were designed to commemorate the reign of the Pharaoh, and was used to worship him after death. Helped to enforce the idea that the Pharaoh was divine, and must be honored after death.
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Canon of Proportions
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A grid used to help with drawing the proportions of humans in art, especially on tomb walls. Egyptian art was very precise, and demanded the following of certain aesthetic rules. Was usually a grid of 18 squares in height, and each body part had to follow the rules of the grid.
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Pschent
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The double crown of ancient Egypt that represented the duality in the King. It combined the red crown of Lower Egypt with the white crown of Upper Egypt. It showed that the King was a symbol of unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
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False Door
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A carving of a door in a tomb that symbolized a “door” between the realm of the living and the dead. It provided a pathway of which the ba could enter and exit. Family members and friends placed offerings in front of this door.
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Four Sons of Horus
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A group of four Gods who were personified in the four Canopic Jars, where the softer organs were mummified and placed. They are protection Gods, and symbolize protection of the organs after death.
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Sed Festival
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Celebrated the continuing rule of a pharaoh. A sed festival would occur when a ruler had been ruling for 30 years, then every few years after that. Dedicated to the eternal rejuvenation of the living king. The main ritual was the running of the circuit, proving the king’s continued virility and ability to rule.
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Heliopolitan Cosmogeny
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Before the world existed, only watery chaos (Nu) existed. The sun god, Atum, was part of that watery chaos. He was a creator, but did not realize his potential yet. But when he did, he began to create the world. He created Shu, Tefnut, and the rest of the world out of his semen.
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Annual Inundation of Egypt
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Once a year, during the summer, monsoons overflow the nile, sending down extra water and silt
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Nilometer
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A way to measure extra flood water. 9 metres was dangerously high, 6 meters was dangerously low. 7-8 meters was ideal.
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Isis
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A mother God, and the wife of Osiris, and mother of Horus. She wore the crown of the Throne, and was an important mother goddess to the King. She also used her magic to rejuvenate Osiris when he was murdered by Seth.
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Khnum
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Originally the source God of the Nile River. He was thought to be the creator of humans, making them out of clay on a potter’s wheel.
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Alexander the Great
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Marched into Persian controlled Egypt and was hailed as a liberator
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General Ptolemy
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Alexander's successor in Egypt
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Octavian Caesar
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Marched into Egypt, causing Cleopatra's suicide under the threat of the conquering Romans
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Hellenistic Egypt
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Reduced Egypt to a vassal state, exploited it for Agriculture, improved lines of communication with roads and police, many sites fell into disrepair
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Christianity in Egypt
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Marked the end of the ancient way of life
- Native christians were determined to destroy all traces of pagan Egyptian religion, which was banned |
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Arab Conquest
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Instigated another wave of interest in Egypt
- Pursuit of treasure hunting, and destruction of monuments |
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John Greaves
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Initiated the first extensive survey of the Giza plateau. Wrote pyramidographia
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Europeans in Egypt
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European citizens that travelled to Egypt to collect information and artefacts got legal protection
Lead to aggressive collection of antiqiuites |
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Nu/Nun
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: The god personification of the watery nothingness that the world began in. In the Hermopolitan cosmogony, Nu is paired with the female embodiment of Nun, and they both represented primeval waters.
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Natron
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Sodium carbonate that was used in mummification to dry out and preserve the body. According to mythology, the body had to be completely preserved so that the ka and ba had a place to reside. This substance allowed the body to be preserved to “reside” in.
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Wadjet Eye
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The eye of Horus personified in the goddess Wadjet. Symbolized protection, royal power, and good health. Also associated with Ra
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Palace Façade
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An Egyptian decorating motif that imitated the early mudbrick palaces. Possibly associated with antiquity?
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Ptah
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Creator God of Memphis. Manetho also made him the first king of Egypt. In Memphite cosmology, was thought to create the world by thinking it into being, using his heart. Composed of Horus as his heart, and Thoth as his tongue.
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Serdab:
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A tomb structure that served as a chamber for a Ka statue. There was a small hole included that allowed the spirit to move freely. This hole also allowed for the presenting of offerings.
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Son of Re
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A title the King held. Re was the sun god, and the father of the goddess Maat. He represented a source of rightness, truth and justice, personified by the King, which is why he held the title.
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Ammit
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The Devourer. A female demon that lived in the underword. In the Hall of Two Truths, if the heart was deemed impure, it would be devoured by Ammit, and would be restless forever. This was called dying again.
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Coptic
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Last stage of Egyptian language, which was suspended by Arabic and is now considered “dead.” Written with 24 Greek letters and 6 demotic signs. Had vowels.
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Napoleon's Invasion
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Napoleon invaded Egypt to seize it, and to build a canal to isolate Britain from its' colonies
- Brought along several scientists and found the rosetta stone - “La Description De L’Egypt” 24 Volumes - France was defeated and had to give it up to England |
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Giovanni Belzoni
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Introduced to Henry Salt, who commissioned him to remove things such as Younger Memnon and the sarcophagus of Ramesses III
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Auguste Mariette
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Headed the Egyptian Antiquities service, an attempt to control excavation and to regularize the removal of artifacts
- His techniques were not different from tomb robbers, but his findings were given to the Egyptian government - Established the Egyptian museum - Refused to give away artifacts for diplomatic purposes |
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Sir John Gardener Wilkinson
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Credited with being the founder of Egyptology in Britain
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Fields of Iaru:
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: The heavenly paradise where Osiris rules. Only souls who followed maat were allowed to start the journey here. Described as an eternal reed field.
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Bes
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A deity worshipped as the protector of households, mothers, and childbirth. Regarded as the defender of good, and the enemy of all that is bad. Household God, kept in homes, fought off evil spirits. Fertility.
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Book of the Dead
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An ancient Egyptian funerary text. Contained a number of spells to assist a dead person’s journey through the Duat into the afterlife. Scenes were painted onto tomb walls, etc. Had a negative judgement spell for the Weighing of the Heart ritual.
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Khepresh
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: AKA blue crown. New Kingdon pharaohs are often shown wearing it in battle, and it was frequently worn in ceremonies. Thought to evoke the divine power of the Pharaoh.
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2 Egyptian Calendars
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Civil and religious, divided the year into 12 30 day months, and each month had 3 10 day weeks
- only 360 days long, but solved by adding intervals to the end of each calendar - 13th month added |
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Akhet
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Inundation period
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Peret
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The growing period
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Shemu
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The Harvest period
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Neolithic Period
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7500-5000 BC
Egypt began shifting from a life based on hunting and gathering to one based on growing crops and raising livestock. - Local leaders emerged in response to the need for administrative decisions |
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Agricultural Benefits
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Greater productivity from the land, stabel source of food for a growing population
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Predynastic Period
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4650-3150 BC
- Studied by things like pottery, stoneware - Change from agriculturally dominated lifestyle toward a class stratified society centered around a king - Petrie's sequence dating helps to date artifacts |
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Cartouche
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An encircling that indicates that the hieroglyphs inside contain a royal name. Meant to protect from evil spirits in the afterlife, and protected from evil.
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Jean-Francois Champollion
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Credited with finally deciphering hieroglyphs, using the same premise as Thomas Young of not considering hieroglyphs to be purely symbolic. Built upon the work of past philologists.
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Demotic
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Script that began to be used for daily administrative purposes. “Cursive” hieroglyphs that were quicker to write. Based on hieratic, while hieroglyphs were saved for religious texts.
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Hieratic
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Elaborate hieroglyphs were time consuming to draw, and Egyptians started using a cursive script. Scribes leaned this before progressing to hieroglyphs. Popular in Middle and Late Egyptian history.
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Turin Canon
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An Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II in Turin. The most extensive available list of kings compiled by the Egyptian, and the basis for most chronology before the reign of ramesses II. Discovered by Bernardino Drovetti.
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Duat
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The underworld, and the realm of the god Osiris. The sun god Ra travels through here at night to be reborn out of the womb of the Goddess Nut. Was also where souls went for judgement in the afterlife. Book of the dead helped guide people through the Duat, which had a series of dangerous gates guarded by demons one had to pass through in order to reach the Fields of Iaru.
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Thoth
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Husband of maat. The god of Wisdom and learning, who discovered that speech could be conveyed through writing. Balance between good and evil. Worshipped by scribes. Tongue of Ptah.
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Badarim, Fayum, Merimden Cultues
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Mixed hunting, fishing, and agricultural economy
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Predynastic Burials
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Simple, few artifacts
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Naquada II
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Egypt moves rapidly into complex/socially stratefied society
- Growing social elite - Large trading sphere |
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Naquada III
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Egyptian centers of poltiical power develop in upper and lower Egypt
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Dynasty 0
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A period of cultural unification of upper and lower Egypt
- Culminated with the unification of Egypt at the end of the predynastic period |
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Early Dynastic Period
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Dynasties 1+2
Kingdoms in upper and Lower egypt were unified by a chieftan king |
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Unity of Two Lands
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Double Crown, Title, NSW BITY, Heb Sed
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Middle Egypt
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: Section of land between Asyut and Memphis. Technically a subdivision of Upper Egypt.
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Ennead
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A group of 9 Egyptian dieties worshipped at Heliopolis. Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Geb, Nut, Osiris, Iris, Seth, and Nephthys. Heliopolis Cosmology
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Opening of Mouth Ceremony
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A ceremony that involved the symbolic animation of a statue or mummy by magically opening its’ mouth so it could breathe and speak. In order for a person’s soul to survive in the afterlife, it would need to be able to open its’ mouth to eat and drink in the afterlife.
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Taweret:
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The goddess of childbirth and fertility. A protective household goddess. Thought to keep evil forces at bay.
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Maat
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A goddess symbolizing truth, order, balance, justice and morality. Married to Thoth. Prevents the world from going into Chaos. Feather of maat weighed the souls in the hall of two truths. Egyptian pharaoh was supposed to preserve maat.
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Shabako/Shabaka Stone:
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A relic from the Nubian dynasty of Egypt. Contains the surviving content of an old Papyrus found by Pharaoh Shabaka. Insight into the culture and religious doctrines of Ancient Egypt. Places Ptah as the center of existence and the creator God.
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Nsw Bity
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"King of Upper and Lower Egypt"
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Heb Sed (Jubilee)
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- Potent ritual for symbolic renewal of king
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King's Power
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Controlled a strongly centralized state ruled from the capital at Memphis
- Assisted by a bureaucracy headed by a prime minister |
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Old Kingdom
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Dynasties 3-6
King becomes known as Semi Divine, omnipotent, omipresent - Royal tombs become a show of power and state organization |
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Pyramid Age
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Dynasty 4
- Most of the kings of dynasty 4 constructed at least one pyramid tomb - Supported by state funds derived from the annual tax upon agricultural yield - Workers were free citizens rewarded with grain |
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Frontality in Art
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Egyptian subjects exibit frontality no matter what they are doing. Laws of art, art as strict laws, uniform. Body always faces squarely forward, needing to “see” the real world, and to conform to an ideal standard of beauty.
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Menes
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ACCORDING TO MANETHO, Credited with uniting upper and lower Egypt, first king of upper and lower Egypt. First Pharaoh of dynasty 1 Fouding figure of Ancient Egypt. Inherited throne from God Horus.
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Osiris
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God of the afterlife, underworld, and the dead. Son of Geb and Nut. Granted all life, including the flooding of the Nile River. Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death. Osiris was killed by evil brother Seth, who wanted throne. He ripped him apart, but Isis put him back together using magic.
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Horus
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Pharaoh as Horus in life, and Pharaoh as Osiris I death. New incarnations of Horus succeeded the deceased pharaoh on earth in the form of New Pharaohs. Eye of Horus/Eye of Wadjet as protection. Duality in Horus (good) Seth (Evil) Horus tried to avenge his father by battling Seth. Lower Egypt.
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Nut
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Daughter of Shu and Tefnut. Personifies the Sky. Swallows Ra at night, and gives birth to him in the morning. Mother figure.
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Decline of Old Kingdom
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Dynasty 6
- Provincial power began to be too removed from king - Tombs became shoddy - Restricted economic power of the state - Climate change |
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First Intermediate Period
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Dynasties 7-11
- Nomarchs vs. Rulers in Memphis - Gangs, warfare |
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Middle Kingdom
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Dynasties 12-13
- Prosperity, Peace - Reduced power of provinces, troops against disloyal nomarchs - Citizens less implicitly obedient - Egypt becoming multicultural - Tombs became more economical - State fragmentation due to new external forcdes |
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Seth:
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God of desert and storms, darkness and Chaos. Upper Egypt. Comes together with Horus to represent pharaoh. Desert vs. Nile
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House of Life:
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Provided some education and training, and was attached to most temples. Each stored a number of texts, used for training. Priests here copied over texts and watched over them. Not open to the public, extremely restricted.
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Pylon
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Monumental gateway of an Egyptian Temple, consisting of two towers joined by a less elevated enterance. Mirrored the hieroglyph for “horizon” and symbolized rebirth and recreation. Emphasis of the king’s authority.
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Second Intermediate Period
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Dynasties 14-17
- Occupation by Asiatic people known as Hyksos |
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Hyksos
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"Rulers of Foreign Lands"
- First occupation of Egyptian soil by a foreign power - Seige of Avaris expelled them - Egyptians now forced to protect boundaries |
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New Kingdom
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Dynasties 18-20
-Extraordinary expnasion, centralization of bureaucratic power - Golden age - Arts - Capital relocated to memphis |
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Amun
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Central God of Kings. Dualistic with king
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Opet Festival
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An annual procession of the sacred images of Amun, his consort Mut, and their child Khonsu, and the king
- Religious cults become major theme in new kingdom - Duality with king stressed - Renewed the ka of the king with its' temporary fusion with the god Amun |
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Valley of the Kings
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Where kings from New Kingdom were buried
- Temples adorned with amun |
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Rosetta Stone
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A decree on behalf of King Ptolemy written in Hieroglyphs, demotic, and ancient greek. It presents the same text in three scripts, and provided the key to the understanding of hieroglyphs. Found by the French during Napoleon’s trip to Egypt. Finally deciphered by Champollion, aided by Thomas Young.
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Hermopolitan Cosmology:
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Ogdoad (8) Gods. The world starts out in the Nu, the watery darkness. Inside there are 4 pairs of Gods. Males were frog headed, females were snake headed. The Gods/Goddesses were Nu and Naunet, the primeval waters. Huh and Hauhet, infinity. Kuk-Kauket and Keket, Darkness, and Amun/Amunet: Airwind/Hiddenness/Invisibility. They created a creation mound and plant an egg, where the sun God Re emerges and creates everything along with these gods.
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Re
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Worshipped in Heliopolis, where he was identified with Atum. Creator of the Ennead. Was swallowed by Nut at night, passing through the duad, and being born again in the morning. Ennead protected him on his journey. Creator God. Merged with Amun and Atum.
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William Flenders Petrie
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Helped Egyptian Archaeology come of age. Inspected even mundane and broken things such as old pots, etc. Houses, other unglamorous places should be excavated. Invented relative dating, helping us relatively date things based on their style, etc. Cultural changes were represented in stylistic changes in things like pottery.
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Perceptual vs. Conceptual Art
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Perceptual art has single point perspectives to create the illusion of 3 dimensional subjects from the viewer’s POV. Conceptual art attempts to portray the subject from its’ own perspective, and to communicate as much information as possible.
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Palermo Stone
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: Large fragment of a stele that contains records of kings of Egypt from the First Dynasty to the Fifth Dynasty. Includes mythological rulers as well. Helps with dating, and tabulates information such as inundation, and information on festivals, taxation etc. Also indentifies Menes as the first king of Egypt.
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Foreign Policy of New Kingdom
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- Tried to establish buffer zones to keep away new powers, gradually looked to diplomacy and intermarriage with powers
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Kush AKA Nubia
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- Wanted to make sure luxury goods still came from here
- Kush was annexed into Egypt |
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Amunhotep/Akhenaten
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- Changed general god from Amun to Aten
- Worship of all other gods but Aten was banned for a time |
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New Kingdom Art
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Egg headed and androgynous to celebrate fertility and rebirth
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Ramessides
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Unrelated to older pharaohs
- Adopted ancient iconography of kingship and made king lists to appear legitimate |
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Memphite Cosmogony:
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Involves one creator God,Ptah, Creator God of Memphis. Ptah creates the world by thinking it into being, using his heart. He is composed of other Gods, Horus the heart and Thoth the Tongue.
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Manetho:
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Was an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the Ptolemaic era. Wrote Aegyptiaca, which is used as evidence for chronology of the reigns of Pharaohs. Grouped dynasties where he detected geographical or genealogical discontinuation. Provided a national history of Egypt where it did not exist before. Used King lists.
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Imhotep
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First architect, engineer, and physician in early history. One of the few commoners to ever be given divine status after death. Designed the step pyramid and possibly invented the use of columns to support a building.
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Narmer Palette:
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Contains some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found, and is thought by some to depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King narmer. One one side, the King is depicted with the crown of upper Egypt, on the other the crown of Lower Egypt. Provides one of the earliest known depictions of a human king.
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Ka Statue
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Statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka of a person after their death. The spirit was able to wander, but needed a permanent home, which was the Ka statue. Painted in the likeness of the owner. Believed that an object could represent the person, there was an opening of the mouth ceremony to animate the Ka, and allow it to hear, breathe, eat, drink, etc.
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Sea Peoples
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- A confederation of peoples from Anatolia that attacked mediterranean and african areas
- Much of the reign of Ramessess III was dedicated to fighting them off - Changed power balance, Assyria rises |
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Third Intermediate Period
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dYansties 21-25
- Sieze of power by high priest of Amun fragments egypt - State decentralization - Kings ruled symultaneously with priests - Kings became of libyan descent - Rival dynasties |
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King Piye
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- Invaded nile valley on pretense of pretecting Amun
- Reunited the land, ushered in times of Nubian kings |
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Nemes Headdress
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The striped headdress worn by Pharaohs. Symbolizes Pharaoh’s power.
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Uraeus
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: The upright cobra, symbol of royalty in Egypt. Symbol for protective Goddess wadget. Protected the Pharaoh and reinforced his claim over the land. The Pharaoh was recognized only by wearing the Uraeus, which conveyed legitimacy. To portray unity, the image of Nekhbet of Upper Egypt would circle the crown. Together, they were known as the two ladies.
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Hapy
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God of the annual flooding of the Nile. Hermaphrodite, signifying fertility. Inundation was said to be the arrival of Hapy, providing fertile soil in an area that was otherwise desert. Father of the Gods, and a father figure.
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Assyrians
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Stormed and Sacked Thebes
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Late Period
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Dynasty 26-31
- Temples restored - Art and archetecture were nostalgic of Egypt's past - Persians invaded twice and took control - Liberated by Alexander the great, who gave it to General Ptolemy - Lack of shared culture with foreigners, greek king, and christianity killed ancient egypt |
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Thoth
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The God of Wisdom and learning who discovered that speech could be conveyed through writing
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Medut Necher
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"Words of the Gods" The knowledge of writing
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Deth of Hieroglyphs
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The decimation of the priestly class, the spread of christianity, development of coptic
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Kircher
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German linguist who discovered that coptic was related to hieroglyphs
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Barthelemy
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Suggested that cartouches enclosed the names of kings
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Sylvestre De Sacy
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Tried to identify personal names known in greek in the demotic text that would help him identify the sound values of demotic
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Thomas Young
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Credited with establishing that hieroglyphs were not purely symbolic
- Discovered demotic is cursive hieroglyphs - Able to determine phonetic values of the signs that appeared within cartouches |
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Greek
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Language of the ruling elite in ptolemaic period, and became the standard for general administative purposes
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Hieroglyphs
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Aesthetic appeal, considered to be small scale art
- When used as a dialogue, or an identifying label, the hieroglyphs would go the direction the person was facing - Had the capacity to transcend the boundary of life and death |
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Egyptian Art
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Art was a function and tool of a religious system striving to maintain perfect order in the universe
- Art as which a representation of a thing or person could function as the object depicted - Men were reddish brown, women were light yellow |
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Portraiture
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Rarely showed the individual in any state other than in the prime of health and life.
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Religious Beliefs
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Virtually every aspect of Egyptian culture and civilization was a manefestation of religious beliefs
- Deriving from explaining cosmic phenomena incomprehensable to humans by a means of understanding metaphors based upon natural cycles and understandable experiences |
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Cult of the Gods
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The dieteies required food, drink, clothing, to help protect mankind against chaos
- Cult statue was washed, perfumed, and placed on a boat for a pilgrimmage during festivals |
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Negative Confession
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What constituted proper morality and a spell could be cast so that when the heart was judged it could make one. I will not...
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Civilian Religion
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Civilians had limited access to temple, and were normally only allowed in the outer courtyard
- Had access to cult statues during festivals - Local gods/home gods |
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Temples
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Houses of the gods,and architecture was intended to reflect the cosmos and the idea of eternal regeneration
- Archetectural aspects were supposed to mirror images in nature - Built as acts of royal patronage in which the king demostrated his devotion to the gods |
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Kingship
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King was central to the state and government
- Egyptian considered kingship to date back to the time of the gods - Mythologically, all kings were considered to be divinely descended from horus - Son usually succeeded father |
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Vizier
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- Prime minister
- Chief advisor and administrator of the king - Served a succession of kings attesting to the stability of the office - Responsible for civil order |
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Nome
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A series of administrative districts
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Nomarch
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A governer/head of the nome
- Each nome had its' own institutions - In the middle kingdom, nomarchs competed with kings for power - Eventually abolished |
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Edict of Horemheb
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A series of regulations protecting individuals from abuse by bureaucrats and the military
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Corvee
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Conscripted labor forces that worked on state projects
- Every egyptian had to work the corvee temporarily as a means of community service, but substitutes could be hired - Punishment for avoiding was severe |
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Ka
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The life energyof the individual, essential a physical double of the person
- Needed food and drink |
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Ba
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Portrayed by a bird with a human head
Able to maintain communication between living and dead |
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Body after Death
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Had to be preserved as a hoem for the ka and ba
- had to be recognizable so they knew where to go |
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Mummification
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The body was packed with natron and dried, and wrapped in linens the way Osiris was
- Protective amulets - Soft organs put in Canopic jars - Heart was left in place or replaced by scarab |
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Tomb Walls
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The ka had to be sustained with food, but the egyptians believed a picture could substitute, so tomb walls were decorated with everything the deceased needed
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Hall of Two Tuths
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The deceased was judged by a tribunal of Gods
- The heart was placed on a balance and weighed against the feather of ma'at - If the heart makes a truthful positive/negative confession, they are free to live on in the afterlife |
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Tombs
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Building a proper tomb was one of the invidiuals most important accomplishments
- Started planning in young adulthood - Consisted of a burial chamber, memorial chapel, ka statue |
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Syncetism
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The process by which Gods are created. Two godscome together to make a third god
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Cosmogeny
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A creation story. Promoted diversity instead of uniformity
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Nephthys
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Mother of the palace/house. Married to Seth. Guards over the dead
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Shu
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Holds up Nut
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Nun/Naunet
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Primeval Waters
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Huh/Hauhet
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Infinity
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Kuk-Kauket/Keket
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Darkness
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Amun/Amunet
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Air/wind, invisibilty
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Qerset Neferet
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"beautiful burial" after a happy old age
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Wadjet
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Protective cobra goddess of lower egypt
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Nekhbet
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Protective vulture goddess of upper egypt
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Amelia Edwards
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Founded the egypt exploration fund, and the chair of the egyptology department at university college
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Sopdet
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Personification of greek star sirius
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Relative chronology
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Gives relative order without specific dates
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Black land
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Cultivation area
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Red land
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Desert
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Thebes
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Religious captial
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Memphis
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Poltiical capital.Joins delta and south
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