Effective Training, Chapter 3

Front 1

A theory

Back 1

an abstraction that allows us to make sense out of a large number of facts related to an issue

Front 2

Performance Model

Back 2

This Model indicates that a person's performance (P) depends on the interaction of motivation (M), KSAs, and environment.
(P=MxKSAxE)

Front 3

Cognitive Structure

Back 3

memory and thinking systems

Front 4

Environment

Back 4

The physical surroundings in which performance must occur, including barriers and aids to performance

Front 5

Motivation

Back 5

The direction, persistence, and amount of effort expended by an individual to achieve a specific outcome.

Front 6

Needs Theory (ERG Theory)

Back 6

Clayton Aldeffer designed this theory of motivation based on existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs and how each is necessary to create motivation.

Front 7

Existence needs

Back 7

Maslow's lower order physiological and security needs. Immediate needs to retain life. (food, shelter etc.)

Front 8

Relatedness needs

Back 8

The need to be valued and accepted by others

Front 9

Growth needs

Back 9

Feelings of self worth and competency and achieving our potential.

Front 10

Process Theories

Back 10

descriptions of how a person's needs translate into action.

Front 11

Classical conditioning

Back 11

The association of a generalized response to some signal in the environment.

Front 12

Reinforcement Theory

Back 12

Behavior followed by satisfying experiences tends to be repeated, and behavior followed by annoyance or dissatisfaction tends to be avoided.

Front 13

Operant Conditioning

Back 13

Stimulus, a persons response to that stimulus and the consequences, positive or negative.

Front 14

Positive Reinforcement

Back 14

When your behavior results in something desirable (tangible, psychological, or a combination of the two.

Front 15

Negative Reinforcement

Back 15

When your behavior results in removing something you find annoying, frustrating or unpleasant.

Front 16

Punishment

Back 16

When your behavior results in something undesirable happening to you.

Front 17

Expectancy Theory

Back 17

This theory describes the cognitive processes involved in deciding the best course of action for achieving our goals.

Front 18

Cognitive Process

Back 18

A mental activity such as information storage, retrieval or use.

Front 19

Cognition

Back 19

The term used to refer to the mental processing of information.

Front 20

Accommodation

Back 20

The process of changing our construction of the world to correspond with our experience in it.

Front 21

Assimilation

Back 21

The incorporation of new experience into existing categories.

Front 22

Learning

Back 22

A relatively permanent change in cognition resulting from experience and directly influencing behavior.

Front 23

Cognitive Structure

Back 23

memory and thinking systems

Front 24

Environment

Back 24

The physical surroundings in which performance must occur, including barriers and aids to performance

Front 25

Motivation

Back 25

The direction, persistence, and amount of effort expended by an individual to achieve a specific outcome.

Front 26

Needs Theory (ERG Theory)

Back 26

Clayton Aldeffer designed this theory of motivation based on existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs and how each is necessary to create motivation.

Front 27

Existence needs

Back 27

Maslow's lower order physiological and security needs. Immediate needs to retain life. (food, shelter etc.)

Front 28

Relatedness needs

Back 28

The need to be valued and accepted by others

Front 29

Growth needs

Back 29

Feelings of self worth and competency and achieving our potential.

Front 30

Process Theories

Back 30

descriptions of how a person's needs translate into action.

Front 31

Classical conditioning

Back 31

The association of a generalized response to some signal in the environment.

Front 32

Reinforcement Theory

Back 32

Behavior followed by satisfying experiences tends to be repeated, and behavior followed by annoyance or dissatisfaction tends to be avoided.

Front 33

Operant Conditioning

Back 33

A response to stimuli leading to a good or bad consequences.

Front 34

positive reinforcement

Back 34

When your behavior results in something desirable happening to you (tangible, psychological or a combination of the two)

Front 35

Negative reinforcement

Back 35

When your behavior results in removing something you find annoying, frustrating or unpleasant.

Front 36

Punishment

Back 36

Decreases the likelihood of the response occurring in the future.

Front 37

Expectancy theory

Back 37

Describes the cognitive processes involved in deciding the best course of action for achieving our goals.

Front 38

cognitive process

Back 38

A mental activity such as information storage retrieval or use.

Front 39

Valence

Back 39

An outcome's subjective value.

Front 40

self-efficacy

Back 40

Feelings about our own competency.

Front 41

Cognition

Back 41

The term used to refer to the mental processing of information.

Front 42

Accommodation

Back 42

The process of changing our construction of the world to correspond with our experience in it.

Front 43

Assimilation

Back 43

The incorporation of new experience into existing categories.

Front 44

learning

Back 44

A relatively permanent change in cognition resulting from experience and directly influencing behavior.

Front 45

Social Learning Theory

Back 45

Events and consequences in the learning situation are cognitively processed before they are learned or influence behavior.

Front 46

Anticipatory Learning

Back 46

When a person learns what consequences are associated with a behavior (or set of behaviors) without actually engaging in the behavior and receiving the consequences.

Front 47

Attention

Back 47

Becoming focused on particular objects and events in the environment (stimuli).

Front 48

Retention

Back 48

The second step of learning where a person remembers some of the stimuli from giving their attention

Front 49

Symbolic Coding

Back 49

The initial phase of retention. Translation of the information into symbols meaningful to the individual.

Front 50

Cognitive Organization

Back 50

Organizing the symbols (see symbolic coding) into the cognitive structure through associations with previously stored information.

Front 51

symbolic rehearsal

Back 51

The process of "practicing" the learned material through visualizing or imagining how the knowledge or skill will be used.

Front 52

Behavioral Reproduction

Back 52

Repeated Practice.

Front 53

Micro Theory of Instructional Design

Back 53

A guide for designing training events to achieve the learning outcomes (KSAs) that you want to create.

Front 54

Motivation to Learn

Back 54

The intensity and persistence of the trainee's learning-directed activities related to the content of the training program.

Front 55

Resistance to learning

Back 55

Factors that cause a lack of ability to learn certain subjects. (Ex. Lack of KSAs, lack of motivation etc.)

Front 56

Peer Support

Back 56

encouragement and assistance that trainees receive from their coworkers.

Front 57

Group Dynamics

Back 57

The power and control of the groups over its members.

Front 58

Cognitive Ability

Back 58

Individual differences in information-processing capacity and the level of cognitive resources that a person can bring to bear on a problem

Front 59

Goal setting

Back 59

Setting your goals for the future (short term and long terms)

Front 60

KSA Base

Back 60

A base of KSAs that help in processing and using information better

Front 61

Anxiety

Back 61

A heightened state of arousal related to feelings of apprehension or fear.

Front 62

Goal Orientation

Back 62

The degree to which an individual is predisposed toward either a "learning orientation" or a "performance orientation."