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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the frequency of Alpha Waves?
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8 - 13 hz - Normal
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What is the Alpha and fast alpha varient?
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alpha - half the alpha frequency and fast - double the alpha frequency - normal
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What is the voltage and Amp of alpa waves?
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20 - 60 uV average of 50 - normal
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How does handedness affect alpha waves?
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Non-dominant hemisphere is taller - possibly due to thickness of skull - normal
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What is the morphology of alpha waves
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Sinusodial - waxing and waning - normal
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What is the location of alpha waves?
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Posterior maxium - 01-02-P3-Pz-P4-T5-T6 - normal
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What is the pt. state during alpha waves
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Eyes closed- relaxed- awake - normal
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What is the reactivity of alpha waves?
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attenuates with visual stimulus and mental alerting. Alpha will return with eyes open if no visual stimuli - normal
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What is Bancaud phenomen?
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When alpha attenuation happens in only one hemisphere - normal
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What is squeak effect?
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An increase in alpha activity directly after closing eyes |
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What is the Frequency of Posterior Slow Waves of Youth?
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Delata intermixed with alpha - normal
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What is the Location of Posterior Slow Waves of Youth?
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Occipital - normal
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Who are Posterior Slow Waves of Youth seen in?
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seen in children and young adults - normal
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What is the Reactivity of Posterior Slow Waves of Youth?
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attenuates with eye opening and disappears in sleep - normal
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What is the Frequency of Beta Waves?
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more than 13 hz - normal
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What is the Voltage of Beta Waves?
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5 - 20 uv - normal
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What is the location of Beta Waves?
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fronto-central - normal
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What is Breach Rhythm?
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an increase in amplitude due to a burr hole or absence of skull - often times appears to be an increase in Beta - normal
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How do barbiturates and benzodiazepines affect beta waves?
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can induce beta waves - normal
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What are Mu rhythm?
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A normal varient
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What is the frequency of Mu Rhythm?
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7 - 11 hz - normal
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What is the Voltage of Mu Rhythm?
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20 - 50 uv - normal
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What is the Morphology of Mu Rhythm?
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arched or comb shape negative sharp with positive rounded - normal
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What is the Location of Mu Rhythm?
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central usually bilaterally but asynchronous - normal
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What is the Reactivity of Mu Rhythm?
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blocked by actual or imagined contra lateral thumb movement - normal
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What is the frequency of Theta Waves?
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4 - 7 hz - normal
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When are Theta waves observed?
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drowsiness and sleep - normal
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What are RMTD?
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Rhythmic Mid-Temporal Theta of Drowsiness - normal
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What is the frequency of RMTD?
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5-7 hz - normal
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What is the Location of RMTD?
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Mid-temporal (T3-T4) - normal
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What is the duraction of RMTD?
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2-10 seconds - normal
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What is the pt state during RMTD?
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drowsiness - normal
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What is the frequency of 14 and 6 positive bursts?
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trains of 14 or 6 per second - normal
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What is the morphology of 14 and 6 positive bursts?
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comb-like shape - positive polarity - normal
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What is the location of 14 and 6 positive bursts?
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posterior temporal T5-T6 max - normal
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What is the pt. state during 14 and 6 positive bursts
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drowsiness - normal
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What montoge do you see 14 and 6 positive bursts the best?
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referential - normal
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Who are 14 and 6 positive bursts most common?
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adolescents - normal
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What is the frequency of Lambda waves?
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Varies - normal
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What is the voltage of Lambda waves?
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less than 20 - 30 uV - normal
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What is the morphology of Lambda waves?
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Bi/triphasic - normal
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What is the location of Lambda waves?
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Occipital - normal
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What is the phase of Lambda waves?
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Positive - normal
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What is the pt. state during Lambda waves?
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Eyes open- scanning - a blank sheet of paper in front of eyes will block lambda - normal
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What is the frequency of wickets?
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6 - 11 hz- burts less than one second - normal
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What is the voltage of wickets?
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60 - 200 uV - normal
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What is the morphology of wickets?
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sharply contoured arched shape - normal
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What is the location of wicket spikes?
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Mid-temporal - bilateral - synchronous - normal
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What is the pt state during wicket spikes?
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drowsiness and light sleep - normal
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Who are wickets seen in?
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mostly adults - normal
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What distinguishes wicket spikes from spike discharges?
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no after-going slow wave and no background disruption - normal
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What are 6Hz and Wave discharges?
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Phantom spike and wave - normal
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What is the frequency of 6Hz and wave discharges?
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5 - 7 hz - normal
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What is the voltage of 6hz spike and wave discharges?
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low - normal
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What is the Morphology of 6hz spike and wave discharges?
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rhythmic burst lasting 1 - 2 seconds - normal
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What is the Location of 6hz spike and wave discharges?
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parietal- occipital - normal
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What is the Pt. State of 6hz spike and wave discharges?
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awake- drowsiness- light sleep - normal
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What are FOLD?
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female occipital low amplitude drowsiness - normal
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What are WHAM?
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wake high amplitude anterior male - normal
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What is Breach Rhythm?
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rhythm that occurs due to a burr hole or lack of skull in an area - normal
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What is the frequency of Breach Rhythm?
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beta 18 - 35 hz - normal
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What is the Voltage of Breach Rhythm?
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higher amp - normal
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What is the morphology of Breach Rhythm?
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mu-like - normal
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What is the Location of Breach Rhythm?
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over burr hole - normal
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What are BETs?
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benign epileptiform transients of sleep - normal
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What is the Voltage of BETs?
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less than 50 uV - normal
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What is the Morphology of BETs?
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fast spike without associated slow wave - normal
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What is the Location of BETs?
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temporal - unilateral or bilateral - normal
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What is the Phase of BETs?
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usually surface negative - normal
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What is the state of BETs?
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drowsiness and light sleep - normal
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Who are BETs usually seen in?
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30 - 60 years of age - normal
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What is SREDA?
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subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharge of adults - normal
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What is the Duration of SREDA?
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20 secs-minutes - normal
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What is the morphology of SREDA?
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sharp waves and slow waves - normal
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What is the onset of SREDA?
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abrupt - negative monomorphic sleep discharges that are gradual with few sharp discharges followed by rhythmic slow - usually above 60 years of age during or after HV. Consciousness and alertness are preserved and there is an absence of postictal changes - normal
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Describe N1 Sleep characteristics
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Drowsiness - alpha attenuation- alpha replaced by theta - slow rolling eye movements that is almost simultaneous with alpha attenuation and causes opposite phase reversals at F7 and F8 - POSTS - Vertex Sharp Waves - normal
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Describe N2 Sleep characteristics
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Sleep spindles and K complexes - normal
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Describe N3 Sleep characteristics
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Delta Sleep - normal
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Describe REM Sleep characteristics
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Rapid Eye Movement saw-tooth waves - 90 mins after sleep onset and seen in narcolepsy earlier - normal
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What are POSTS?
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Positive Occipital Sharp Transient of Sleep - normal
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What is the frequency of POSTS?
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4 - 5 hz - singularly or trains - normal
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What is the Voltage of POSTS?
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less than 50 uV - normal
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What is the Morphology of POSTS?
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positive followed by small negative - normal
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What is the location of POSTS?
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Occipital - bilaterally synchronous - normal
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What is the phase of POSTS?
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surface positive - normal
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What is the state of POSTS?
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stage N1 sleep - normal
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What are V Waves?
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Vertex Waves - normal
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What is the Voltage of V Waves?
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100 - 150 uV - normal
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What is the morphology of V Waves?
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Biphasic - negative sharp waves followed by a positive wave - normal
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What is the Location of V Waves?
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Maximal at Cz and also seen at C3 and C4 - normal
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What is the reactivity of V Waves?
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spontaneous - normal
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What are Sleep Spindles?
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waves that show at N2 sleep - normal
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What is the Frequency of Sleep Spindles?
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12-15 hz central and 10 - 12 hz frontal - normal
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What is the Voltage of Sleep Spindles?
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less than 50 uV - normal
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What is the Morphology of Sleep Spindles?
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cresendo and decresendo - normal
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What is the Location of Sleep Spindles?
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fronto-central - normal
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What is the symmetry of Sleep Spindles?
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bilateral - normal
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What is the synchrony of Sleep Spindles?
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bilateral - normal
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What are K Complexes?
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Seen in N2 sleep - normal
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What is the Morphology of K complexes?
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initial negative deflection followed by a positive component and a negative back to the base line. They sometimes ride on K complexes - normal
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What is the location of K complexes?
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frontal - normal
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What is normal background activity?
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alpha is considered the most common during normal wakefulness - abnormal
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What characterizes abnormal background activity?
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background alpha slowing - paroxysmal discharges - specific patterns - abnormal
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When is Delta Normal?
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Only during N3 sleep - never during wakefulness - abnormal
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What is Polymorphic Delta?
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Arrhythmic - delta intermixed with other frequences - can be focal - lateralized or generalized - abnormal
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What is Monomorphic Delta?
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Rhythmic - generalized brain dysfucntion - abnormal
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What does polymorphic Delta signifiy if it's focal?
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Lesions of the cerebrum- white matter dysfunction- structural lesions va tumors - CVA - Dementias - Abscess - abnormal
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What does generalized polymorphic delta signify?
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Toxic and Metabolic encephalopathy - Degenerative disorders - Demyelinating disorders - Infectious disease - Cerebral ischemia - abnormal
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What is IRDA?
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Imonomorphic rhytmic delta - Intermittent rhythmic delta activity. Repeating waves of delta at the same frequency - abnormal
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What is FRIDA?
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Frontal predominate IRDA seen in adults - characterised by bursts of sinusodial- bilaterally synchronous monorhythmic activity - abnormal
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What is Orida?
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Occipital predominate IRDA seen in children - abnormal
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What attenuates FRIDA?
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eye opening and alerting - abnormal
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What accenuates FRIDA?
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eye closure - HV and drowsiness - abnormal
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What causes FRIDA?
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tumors - toxic/metabolic encephalopathy - increased intercranial pressure - abnormal
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Where is ORIDA maximal?
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occipital area - abnormal
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What causes ORIDA?
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absence seizures - abnormal
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What is TRIDA?
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Temporal intermittent rhyhmic delta activity - abnormal
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Where is TRIDA maxiamal?
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temporal region - abnormal
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What is TRIDA associated with?
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Temporal lobe epilepsy - abnormal
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What are PLEDS?
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Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges - abnormal
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What are the characteristics of PLEDS?
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Biphasic or Triphasic spike or sharp waves occuring after actue insult and always disrupt the background - abnormal
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What are BiPLEDS?
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PLEDS that are bilateral - abnormal
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What is the reactivity of PLEDS?
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Non reactive - abnormal
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What is the Voltage of PLEDS?
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100-200 uV - abnormal
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Morphology of PLEDS?
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Bi/triphasic spike or sharp wave discharges- abnormal
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Duration of PLEDS?
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100-200 that repeat every 1-2 seconds - abnormal
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What caues PLEDS?
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ischemic CVA - herpes simplex encephalitis - tumors - encephalitis - cerebral abscess - abnormal
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Location of PLEDS?
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Bilateral - abnormal
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What happens to the background in biPLEDS?
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always disrupted - abnormal
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What is the reactivity of biPLEDS?
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non reactive to eye opening or painful stimuli - abnormal
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What causes biPLEDS
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anoxic encephalopathy and herpes simplex encephalitis - abnormal
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Maximal location of Alpha Coma?
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fronto-central - abnormal
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Frequency of Alpha Coma?
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9 - 10 hz - usually no slow waves - abnormal
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Reactivity of Alpha Coma?
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non reactive - abnormal
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Causes of Alpha Coma?
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cerebral anoxia - brainstem lesions drug overdose - abnormal
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Prognosis of Alpha Coma?
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poor but may be reversible if drug related - abnormal
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What are Triphasic Waves?
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small negative - large positive negative waveform - abnormal
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Maximal location of Triphasic Waves?
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generalized with frontal max - abnormal
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What is a special characteristic of Triphasic Waves?
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anterior- posterior phase lag of 60 - 120 ms - abnormal
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What causes Triphasic Waves?
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metabolic disturbances primarily hepatic encephalopathy - abnormal
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What is Burst Supression?
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periods of moderate-to-high amp activity usually lasting a few seconds separated by low or no voltage activity. Consists of spikes - sharps and other frequencies with a 2-10 second supression duration. - abnormal
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What causes Burst Supression?
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Deepest level of coma before brain death. Anoxic encephalopahty - acute intoxication - hypoxia - head injury - abnormal
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What are periodic patterns? What typical diseases cause periodic patterns?
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waveforms that repeat with approx. the same interval each time such as PLEDS - abnormal
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What patterns are typical in CJD?
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Biphasic and Triphasic periodic sharp waves every 1-2 seconds with excessive slow activity and disorganized background - abnormal
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What are the symptoms of CJD?
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Rapidly progressive dementia - speech impairment - myoclonus - ataxia - gait and posture changes - seizures - abnormal
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What is ataxia?
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Balance disturbance - abnormal
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What causes CJD?
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Misfoleded proteins called prions - abnormal
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What does HSE usually effect?
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Herpes Simplex Encephalitis - the temporal lobes - abnormal
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What are characteristic wave patterns for HSE?
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Sharp waves evert 1 to 5 seconds that start focally and as the disease progresses bilateral (biPLEDS) - abnormal
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What are the symptoms of HSE?
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Viral infection that lies dormant in the trigeminal cranial nerve - encephalitis - drowsy - nuchal rigidity - fever - headache - abnormal
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What are 3Hz spike and wave?
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High amp 3 second bilaterally snchronous waves - abnormal
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What activates 3Hz spike and wave?
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HV - abnormal
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What sort of seizure do 3Hz spike and wave indicate?
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absence seizures that also show staring spells but also indicative of a generalized seizure disorder - abnormal
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What is ECI and what does it indicate?
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Electrocerebral Inactivitiy - indicating brain death - abnormal
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