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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypothesis
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an explanation for the occurrence of certain behaviors, phenomena or events
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quantitative research
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collection and analysis of numerical data
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qualitative research
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collection, analysis and interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual data to gain insight into a phenomenon of interest
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survey research
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to describe current conditions; collect data through questionnaires, interviews, observations (quantitative)
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correlational research
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investigate relationship between x and y (2+ variables, one group) and the degree of the relationship (quantitative)
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correlation
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quantitative measure of the degree of correspondence (from -1.0 to +1.0)
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causal-comparative research
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attempts to determine the reason for existing differences (quantitative)
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grouping variable
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independent variable in causal-comparative research, the reason for the differences between groups. Not a treatment.
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dependent variable
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the change, or effect that is the result of the cause
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experimental research
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best type of research to determine cause/effect. One or more variables is manipulated and others controlled for, then observe the effect on the dependent variable.
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generalizability
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the degree to which research can be applied to different populations (different settings and contexts)
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independent variable
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a behavior or characteristic under the control of the researcher and believed to influence some other behavior or characteristic
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sample
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the individuals selected from a population for a study
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narrative research
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studies how people experience the world around them. typically focuses on one person.
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ethnographic research
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study of cultural patterns and perspectives of people in their natural setting.
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case study research
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qualitative approach to research on a bounded system.
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basic research
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research conducted for the purpose of developing or refining a theory
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applied research
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research to solve practical educational problems. apply or test a theory to determine its usefulness in practical problems.
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evaluation research
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research designed to monitor progress and make decisions
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research and development
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process of researching needs and developing products to fulfill those needs. purpose is to develop effective products.
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action research
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any systematic inquiry conducted for the purpose of solving everyday problems in their own setting
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National Research Act of 1974
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legislation that governs experiments with people in a controlled environment. mandates review and approval by an authorized group
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informed consent
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research participants must freely agree to participate and understand the nature of the study and any possible dangers
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The Family Educational Rights & Privacy Act of 1974
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the act that says data that identifies a student by name may not be disclosed without their permission (Buckley Amendment)
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research topic, question, problem or purpose
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statement in a research plan or report that describes the variables of interest to the researcher, the specific relation among those variables, and ideally, important characteristics of the study participants
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replication
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repetition of a study using different subjects
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hypothesis
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researcher's prediction of the research findings
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nondirectional hypothesis
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a research hypothesis that states simply that a relation or difference exists between variables
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directional hypothesis
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a research hypothesis that states the expected direction of the relation or difference between variables
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null hypothesis
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a hypothesis stating that there is no relation (or difference) between variables and that any relation/difference found will be due to chance (i.e. the result of sampling error)
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review of related literature
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the written component of a research plan or report that discusses the analysis of documents related to a research problem
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secondary source
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a brief description of a study written by someone other than the original researcher
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primary source
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an article or report written by the person who conducted the study
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meta-analysis
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a statistical approach to summarizing the results of many quantitative studies that have investigated basically the same problem.
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research plan
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a detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.
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population
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the larger group from which a sample is selected or the group the researcher would like to generalize the results of a study
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design
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a general strategy or plan for conducting a research study; indicates the basic structure and goals of the study.
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assumption
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an assertion presumed to be true, but not verified
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limitation
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some aspect the researcher cannot control but believes may negatively affect the results of the study.
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pilot study
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small-scale study conducted to help refine planned procedures
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generalizability
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the applicability of research findings to settings and contexts different from the one in which they were obtained.
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probability sampling
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the likelihood that each member of a defined population will be selected for the sample (quantitative)
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simple random sample
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each person in population has an independent and equal chance of being selected
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stratified sample
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a random sample from each population subgroup to guarantee representation of relevant subgroups.
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cluster sample
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intact groups are randomly selected. has a greater chance of a non-representative sample.
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systematic sampling
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every kth individual is selected from a randomized list
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sample size
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how many participants are in a study
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sampling error
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the expected chance variation in variables that occurs when a sample is selected from a population. this is beyond the control of the researcher.
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sampling bias
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systematic sampling error in quantitative studies. generally the fault of the researcher
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nonprobability sampling
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non-random sampling techniques: convenience; purposive; quota
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convenience sampling
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sample of whoever happens to be available
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purposive sampling
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sampling of whoever is believed to be representative of the population
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quota sampling
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sample that is selected based on an exact number of persons of varying characteristics
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qualitative sampling
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selecting a small number of individuals for a study in such a way they will be good key informants
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data saturation
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the point where a redundancy of information is gathered from participants, so additional participants are not needed
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10%-20% of the population
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survey sample size
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30+ persons
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correlational sample size
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30+ persons per group
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causal-comparative sample size
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30+ person per group
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experimental research sample size
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nominal variable
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categorical variable
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ordinal variable
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nominal variable that represents rank order
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interval variable
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nominal ordinal variables that are ranked in equal units, but no true zero point
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ratio variable
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nominal variable with the ordinal and interval properties but also has a true zero poiint
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dependent variable
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the outcome or effect of the independent variable
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independent variable
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the treatment or cause in a research study
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standardized test
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a test administered, scored, and interpreted in the same way no matter where or when it is used (usually published)
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norm-referenced test
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a test that scores performance as compared to others
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criterion-referenced test
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a test in which performance is compared to an external standard or pre-established performance levels
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The Mental Measurements Yearbook
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provides information and reviews of published tests of various school subject areas, personality, etc.
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achievement test
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a test that measures current proficiency on school taught subjects. content oriented
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diagnostic test
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a test that yields scores to help identify weak or strong areas within a subject
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aptitude test
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a test used to predict how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation. measures potential.
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Likert scale
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a questionnaire format that ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree
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semantic differential scale
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a questionnaire format that presents a continuum of attitudes representing a score, with neutral equal to zero.
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personality inventory
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a questionnaire that includes lists of statements describing human behaviors and participants indicate whether each statement pertains to them.
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projective tests
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personality instrument that presents an ambiguous situation and requires the test taker to say how they feel about the situation.
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validity
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the most important test characteristic. it represents the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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content validity
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the degree to which a test measures an intended content area; it is determined by expert judgment and requires both item validity and sampling validity.
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criterion-related validity
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the degree to which performance on a test is related to performance on a different measure; includes concurrent and predictive validity.
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concurrent validity
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the degree to which the scores on a test are related to the scores on a similar test given in the same time frame or to some other valid measure available at the same time; a form of criterion-related validity
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diagnostic test
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a test that yields scores to help identify weak or strong areas within a subject
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aptitude test
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a test used to predict how well an individual is likely to perform in a future situation. measures potential.
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Likert scale
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a questionnaire format that ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree
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semantic differential scale
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a questionnaire format that presents a continuum of attitudes representing a score, with neutral equal to zero.
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personality inventory
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a questionnaire that includes lists of statements describing human behaviors and participants indicate whether each statement pertains to them.
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projective tests
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personality instrument that presents an ambiguous situation and requires the test taker say how they feel about the situation.
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validity
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the most important test characteristic. it represents the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
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content validity
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the degree to which a test measures an intended content area.
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criterion-related validity
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the degree to which performance on a test is related to performance on a different test. includes concurrent and predictive validity
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concurrent validity
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the degree to which the scores on a test are related to the scores on a similar test given in the same time frame; a form of criterion-related validity
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predictive validity
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the degree to which a test is able to predict how well an individual will do in a future situation; a form of criterion-related validity.
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construct validity
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the degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical nonobservable trait that explains behavior
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reliability
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the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures.
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test-retest stability
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the degree to which the same test given to the same group is consistent over time. determined by correlating the scores from the same test, given more than once.
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equivalent-forms reliability
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the degree to which two similar forms of a test produce similar scores from a single group of test takers
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equivalence and stability reliability
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the degree to which two forms of a test given at two different times produce similar scores (this is a conservative estimate)
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split-half reliability
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divide test in 2 equal halves and correlate them. an approach to obtaining internal consistency.
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Kurder-Richardson 20 (KR-20)
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a special case of the Cronbach's alpha general formula for estimating internal consistency based on how all items on a test relate to all other items and to the total test. used for tests that are scored right or wrong.
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Cronbach's alpha
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a general formula for estimating internal consistency based on a determination of how all items on a test relate to all other items and to the total test. for tests with more than two choices (agree, neutral, disagree, etc.)
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KR-21
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one of the most desirable internal consistency measures that takes less time and gives a more conservative reliability estimate. this formula is more easily computed.
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interjudge
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reliability of two or more independent scorers
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intrajudge
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reliability of a single individual's ratings over time
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standard error of measurement
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an estimate of how often one can expect test score errors of a given size
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selecting from alternatives
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the three most important factors to consider in selecting a test are validity, reliability and ease of use.
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survey research
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collect research data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions on a topic or issue
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survey
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an instrument to collect data that describes one or more characteristics of a specific population
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cross-sectional survey
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a survey research design that collects data at one point in time.
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longitudinal survey
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a survey research design that collects data at more than one time to measure growth or change
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questionnaire
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a written collection of questions to be answered by participants
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interview
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an oral, in-person, question-and-answer session between researcher and an individual respondent
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structured item
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question that requires respondent to choose among the provided response options
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unstructured item
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a free response question
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correlational research
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collecting data to determine whether and to what degree a relation exists between two or more variables.
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common variance
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"r squared" - the extent to which variables vary in a systematic way. the variation in one variable attributable to its tendency to vary with another variable.
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statistical significance
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the probability that the correlation results would have occurred due to chance.
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Pearson r
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a correlation measure for continuous data
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Spearman rho
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a correlation measure for ordinal or rank data.
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dichotomy
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when only two values of a variable are possible
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artificial dichotomy
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when a midpoint is defined and subjects are categorized as falling above it or below it. variables that were ordinal, interval, or ratio are turned into nominal variables.
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linear relationship
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an increase (or decrese) in one variable is associated with a corresponding increase (or decrease) in another variable.
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curvilinear relation
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an increase in one variable is associated with a corresponding increase in another variable up to a point, at which time further increase in the first variable results in a corresonding decrease in the other variable (or vice versa).
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attenuation
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reduction in correlation coefficients that tends to occur if the measures have low reliability.
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predictor
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the variable used to predict another related variable
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criterion
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the complex variable that is predicted
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shrinkage
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tendency for the prediction to be less accurate for a group other than the one on which it was originally developed
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multiple regression equation
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a prediction equation using two or more variables that individually predict a criterion to make a more accurate prediction.
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intervening variable
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a variable (e.g., anxiety) that alters the relation between an independent variable and a dependent variable but that cannot be directly observed or controlled.
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causal-comparative research
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researcher attempts to determine the reason for existing differences after the fact.
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independent variables in causal-comparative studies
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organismic variables, ability variables, personality variables, family-related variables, school-related variables.
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pair-wise matching
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a technique for equating sample groups on one or more variables, resulting in each member of one group having a direct counterpart in another group
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comparing homogeneous groups or sub-groups
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form subgroups within each group to represent all levels of the control variable. researcher can examine whether the effect on the dependent variable is different for each subgroup.
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factorial analysis of variance
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a statistical technique that tests for an interaction between the independent variable and the control variable
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analysis of covariance
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a statistical method that adjusts for initial group differences on variables that increases the power of a statistical test.
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experimental research
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the only type of research that can establish a cause-effect relationship.
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experimental group
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the group that receives a new or different treatment
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control group
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the group that receives a different treatment or is treated "as usual"
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internal validity
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the degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are a direct result of manipulation of the independent variable
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external validity
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the degree to which study results are generalizable to groups and environments outside the experimental setting
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history
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threat to internal validity due to an event that occurs during a study
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maturation
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threat to internal validity due to changes in participants during a study
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testing
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threat to internal validity in which improved performance on a posttest is the result of subjects having taken a pre-test.
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instrumentation
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threat to internal validity due to changing the measuring instrument
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statistical regression
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threat to internal validity where the highest and lowest scores tend to move toward the mean on re-testing.
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differential selection of participants
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threat to internal validity. participants in the experimental and control groups have different characteristics that affect the dependent variable differently.
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mortality
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threat to internal validity due to attrition
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pretest-treatment interaction
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threat to external validity where the pre-test sentizes participants
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unobtrusive measures
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ways to collect data that do not require interaction with research participants
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multiple-treatment interference
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threat to external validity wherein prior treatment can affect later treatment
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specificity of variables
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threat to external validity due to poorly operationalized variables that limit generalization
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treatment diffusion
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threat to external validity wherein treatment groups communicate and adopt pieces of each other's treatment
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selection-treatment interaction
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threat to external validity due to non-representative groups being included. the study applies only to the groups involved.
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experimenter bias effects
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threat to external validity wherein the researcher's actions affect participant's performance
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John Henry effect
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when a competition develops between the treatment and control groups
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placebo effect
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any beneficial effect caused by a person's expectations about a treatment rather than the treatment itself.
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pre-experimental designs
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designs that should not be used: one-shot case study; one group pretest posttest; static group comparison
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true experimental designs
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designs that control for nearly all threats to internal and external validity involving some sort of random assignment to groups and having a control group
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pretest-posttest control group design
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R O X1 O
R O X2 O |
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posttest only control group design
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R X1 O
R X2 O |
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solomon four group dsign
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R O X1 O
R O X2 O R X1 O R X2 O |
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nonequivalent control group design
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O X1 O
O X2 O |
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quasi-experimental designs
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two or more groups are pretested, administered a treatment, and posttested. random assignment of intact groups to treatments. use only when not feasible to use a true experimental design.
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factorial designs
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experimental design with more than one independent variable, with at least one of them manipulated.
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List 7 threats to internal validity
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history; maturation; testing; instrumentation; statistical regression; differential selection of participants; mortality.
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List 7 threats to external validity
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pretest-treatment interaction; selection-treatment interaction; multiple-treatment interference; specificity of variables; treatment diffusion; experimenter bias effects; John Henry effects.
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List 3 pre-experimental designs (bad ones to use)
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one-shot case study; one-group pretest-posttest design; static-group comparison
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