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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Constructivism
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Constructivism is a theory of learning where humans construct meaning from current knowledge structures. Constructivism values developmentally appropriate facilitator-supported learning that is initiated and directed by the learner.
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List 8 constructivist
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Dewey, Johnson, Deming, Rodgers, Maslow, Gutman, Friere, and Eisner.
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Elliot Eisner
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Eisner's work focused on Discipline-Based Art Education, and he developed the importance of forms of representation in education. He liked the use of frameworks, the infusion of new ideas, teacher training, and curriculum diffusion.
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John Dewey
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Reflection for action, active learning, scaffolding, differentiated curriculum, application, intrinsic motivation, cooperative learning, hands on experiences, student centered and active.
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Johnson
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cooperative learning and learning communities.
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Deming
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Deming advocated that all managers need to have what he called a System of Profound Knowledge, consisting of four parts:
1. Appreciation of a system: understanding the overall processes involving suppliers, producers, and customers (or recipients) of goods and services (explained below); 1. Knowledge of variation: the range and causes of variation in quality, and use of statistical sampling in measurements; 2. Theory of knowledge: the concepts explaining knowledge and the limits of what can be known (see also: epistemology); 3. Knowledge of psychology: concepts of human nature. |
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Rodgers
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Non judgmental, perception, constructivism
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Maslow
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Fulfill the needs (basic needs = safety and things of physiology.) Pushed liberal arts, and keyed on learning how to learn, not absorption of facts.
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Gutman
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Students are TV observers, involve parents and other educational stake holders, shared responsibility.
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Friere
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Knowledge comes from social constructs, students are subjects not objects of world, culture shapes learning, schools are not banks, "we make roads by walking them."
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Define Behaviorism
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Extrinsic motivation, learn by doing, reinforcements, practice with feedback, learning with rewards, simple -> complex, step by step, hierarchical, objective driven, and learning is/ should be observable and measurable.
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List 6 Behaviorists
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Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner, Gagne, Locke
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Pavlov
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Scientific model (dog, smell, sound) = conditioning (stimulus response).
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Thorndike
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Students have blank slates, empty vessels waiting to be filled, use connectionisms (law of effect)
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Watson
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Conditioning reflex; He claimed that recency and frequency were particularly important in determining what behaviour an individual 'emitted' next: if you usually get up when a lady enters the room, you're likely to get up when one enters now.
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Skinner
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Learning is not doing, it is changing what we do. Developed SRS (stimulus, response, reinforcement); believed in positive reinforcement (positive conditioning).
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Gagne
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Believed in step by step learning, outlines and lesson plans, systematic approaches to learning, and a military approach. He talked about 9 events of learning: Gain attention
Inform learner of objectives Stimulate recall of prior learning Present stimulus material Provide learner guidance Elicit performance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention transfer |
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Locke
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Focused on character formation, the use of example and practice; believed in tutor assistance.
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Define Cognitivism
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Intrinsic, learning development goes from simple to complex, reflection is key, learning involves evaluating, scaffolding, social context, multiple intelligences, learning styles, critical thinking.
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List 10 cognitivists.
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Freud, Levin, Tolman, Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura, Weiner, Gardner, Bruner, Gong.
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Freud
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The unconscience mind, visualization, and transference.
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Levin
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Group dynamics, leadership and organization.
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Tolman
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Motivation results from reward system and expectations (but he did say careful, bc goals that are not validated are extinguished, therefore need a reinforcer.)
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Paiget
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Developmental stages (sensory motor, pre operational, concrete operational, and functional operational) range from passive to active; talked about spiral learning ranging from simplex to complex where scaffolding, hands on experiences, the teacher as a facilitator, and concrete examples and experiences help best.
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Vygotsky
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Believed in scaffolding, the zone of proximal development (student to teacher relationship, and student to student relationship = teacher as facilitator), he also keyed in on social surroundings, peer collaboration, and reciprocal teaching (the first guy like Gong).
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Bandura
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Focused on social context theory (monkey see monkey do), competency influences (how you feel), self esteem, learning by observing and doing, guided practice, and modeled behavior.
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Weiner
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Developed "attribution theory" (ability, effort, task difficulty, luck).
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Gardner
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Believed in reflective and critical thinking, and multiple intelligences: linguistics, music, math, social, kine, interpersonal, and intrapersonal.
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Bruner
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Focused on need to relate things together, modes of representation (enactive = doing; iconic = use of senses; symbolic = represent arbitrary symbols); trial and error learning, and everyone has something to teach.
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Gong
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Problem of three, teach - re-teach, exponential learning and motivation.
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