Education Psychology Midterm Review

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Handicap

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a disadvantage in a particular situation

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disability

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inability to do something

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negative reinforcement

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strengthening behavior removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs

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classical conditioning

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association of automatic responses with new stimuli

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operate conditioning

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learning in which is voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences of antecedents

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interval schedule

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reinforcement after a set period of time

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correlation

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statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related

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negative correlation

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a relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low clue on the other

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scientifically based research

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research that uses observational experiments, is repeatable, and is reviewed by experts

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cerebral cortex

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last part of brain to develop

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plasticity

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brains ability to adapt

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zone proximal development

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vygotsky's phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support

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assimilation

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when a person attempts to put new information into an existing scheme

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adaptation

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overall process of fitting in new information

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accommodation

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changing initial scheme

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shaping

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reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal

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conventional

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kohl bergs second level of moral reasoning where judgment is based off following rules

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Trust vs. Mistrust first stage in theory of

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Erickson

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big fish little pond syndrome

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when a student's self concept is very high due to being around low performance

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self esteem

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the value each of us place on our own characteristic

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socioeconomic status

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a cultural category that is correlated with higher test grades and more time spent on school

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permissive parenting

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a parenting that employs high level of warmth but few rules

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stereotype

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a schema that organizes your knowledge about a category

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prejudice

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a prejudgment about an entire category of people

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discrimination

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unfair treatment of particular categories of people

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Example of Hours spent studying and grade point average

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Positive Correlation

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Example of hours of video games played and grade point average

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Negative Correlation

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Example of size of television and average times spent watching tv in a week

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No correlation

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myelination

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covering of neuron in fatty substance; speeds transmission

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lateralization

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hemispheric 'specialization'

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Infant

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trust vs. mistrust

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toddler

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autonomy vs. shame/doubt

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preschooler

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initiative vs. guilt

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school-age child

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industry vs. inferiority

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adolescent

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identity vs. role confusion

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young adult

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intimacy vs. isolation

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middle-age adult

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generatively vs. stagnation

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older adult

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integrity vs. despair