Edpy442_Ch8

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4 variables that determine growth and change in counseling

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1. counselor
2. client
3. setting
4. theoretical orientation

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dream anaylsis

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-dreams-royal road to the unconsious
-counselor focuses on 2 aspects:
1.manifest content(obvious meaning)
2.latent content(hidden but true meaning)

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4 categories of couseling approaches

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1. cognitive
2. affective
3. behavioral
4. pyschanalytic

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counseling began

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person to person relationship

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Freud & Adler-similarities

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emphasis on early experiences in childhood

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free association
(birth of psychoanalysis)

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used to explore unconscious minds of patients, material uncovered was interpreted and analysed.

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Freud initially used

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hypnosis, he was not good at it and found success depended on the relationship established during treatment

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freud & adler-differences

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Freud-sexuality, instict & unconscious

Adler-social life, purposeful goals & conscious experiences

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Wednesday Psychological society:

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met at freud's home to discuss persoanlity theory, eventually known as viennese psychoanalytis society

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repression

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-most basic defense
-ego involuntarily excludes from consious any unwanted or painful thoughts, feelings, memories or impulses

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Heinz Kohut- object relations thoery

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-object is anything that satisfies a need
-challenge is to learn to negotiate with the world without trading fundamental needs

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defense mechanism

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protect a person from being overwhelmed by anxiety through adaptation to situations

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Erikson

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-focuses on achievement of specific life enhancing tasks
-8 stages to progress through in life

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projection

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-projects an unwanted emotion or characteristic to someone else

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freud-human nature could be explained in terms of:

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1.conscious mind-events in present
2.preconsious mind-between conscious and unconscious and contains aspects of both, hidden memories that can be remembered if person is given cues
3.unconcious mind-most powerful & least understood, instinctual, repressed &powerful forces of personality are here

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reaction formation

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-anxiety prodcuing thoughts, feelings or impulses are repressed & their opposites expressed

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displacement

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-energy away from one object to an alternative
ex.bad day at work, yell at wife

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sublimination

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-positive form of displacement
-drive that cannot be expressed directly is channeled into constructive activities

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rationalization

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-finds reasonable explanations for unreasonable behaviors

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Regression

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-person returns to an earlier stage of dev.

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Adler-birth order

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1.firstborn-socialized to conform, achieve, behave & please
2.secondborn- more outgoing, carefree & creative
3.middle-feel treated unfair
4.youngest-lots of attention, may become spoiled
5.only child-like oldest, lots of attention, high achievers

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Freud-personality consists of 3 parts

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1.Id-unconscious
2.Ego-mostly conscious, some uncounscious & preconscious
3.Superego-unconsious

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denial

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-not consciously acknowledging an unpleasant or traumatic event
-protects people form facing pain

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analysis of resistance

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resistance-not showing up, not booking appointments, being late
-counselor analysis can allow to client to gain insight into resistant behavior as well as other behaviors

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Adler

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-people motivated by social interest
-consious aspects of behavior, key to personality
-behavior is goal directed & purposeful
-theory name "individual psychology"

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ID

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-present from birth
-pleasure principle:amoral, irrational, impulsive
-operates through drives, instincts & images (primary process)
-contains energy for life(eros) & death instincts (thanatos)

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Ego

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-moderates the wishes of the id & superego
-called "executive of the mind" because it keeps the id under control
-reality principle:reality being what exists
-secondary process:rational thinking

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Adler- emphasis

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1.striving for perfection
2.inferiority complex
3.superiority complex

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identification

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-person incorporates the qualities of another
-can help a person solve problems

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Adler- each person creates a style if life by age

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5

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stages of psychosexual dev.

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1. oral: mouth is pleasrue zone
2. anal: withholding or eliminating feces
3. phallic: resolve sexual identities (oedipus & electra complex)
4. latency: little interest in sexuality. interest to peer avtivities & mastery in cognitive learning & physical skills
5. genital: interest in other gender

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Adlerian counselors

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try to assess why clients are oriented to a certain way of thinking an behaving

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Superego

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-moral branch of the mind
-uses mechanism called ego ideal:rewards those who follow what parents & society have taught, induces guilt to those who don't

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main goal of psychoanalysis

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personal adjustments, usually inducing a reorganization of internal forces within the person

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role of psychoanalytic counselor

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-encourage talk about whatever comes to mind, mostly childhood experiences
-client lies on couch with anaylst out of view
-encourage counselor to interpret client
-projective tests are used
-always use diagnostic labels to classify clients

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goals of Adlerian counseling

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1.help people develop healthy, holistic lived
2.overcome feelings or inferiority
3.cultivate social interest

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Interpretation

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-counselor helps the client understand the meaning of past and present personal events

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8. push button

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clients realize they hve choices about what stimuli in their lives they want to pay attention to

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2. asking "the question"

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"what would be different if you were well?"

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5. spitting in the slient's soup

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counselor points out certain behaviors to clients an thus ruins the payoff for the behavior

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techniques:

1.confrontation

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counselor encourages client to consider their own private logic

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free association

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-relax and recall early childhood memories or emotional experiences even if they seem silly or irrational
-id speaks, ego remains silent

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4.acting "as if"

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acting as if they are the person they want to be

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3.encouragement

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key to making productive lifestyle choices

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7. task setting

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initially sets short range, attainable goals then long term, realistic objectives

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6. catching oneself

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client learns to become aware of destructive behaviors or thoughts

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psychoanalysis weaknesses

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1.time consuming & expensive
2.can't use for older than 50
3.claimed by psychiatry
4.concepts not easily communicated
5.deterministic-certain limitations in women were a result of gender

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good things about adlerian theory

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-egalitarian atmosphere
-versatile over a life span
-useful to many DSM disorders
-can be used in dirrerent cultural contexts

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transference

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-client responds to a counselor as though the counselor were some significant figure in the clients past