Edexcel Biology B3 (Extension)

Front 1

What are the three main roles of the kidneys?

Back 1

To remove urea from the blood
To control iron levels in the blood
To control water levels in the blood

Front 2

What happens during Infiltration?

Back 2

Blood enters at high pressure, small molecules such as Urea, Glucose, Water and Ions are squeezed out the Glomerulus into the Bowmans Capsule.

Front 3

What happens during reabsorbtion?

Back 3

All of the glucose is reabsorbed into the blood stream against the concentration gradient. Some water is reabsorbed by diffusion depending on the levels of ADH in the blood.

Front 4

What does ADH stand for?

Back 4

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Front 5

What is behaviour?

Back 5

An organism response to the environment

Front 6

Whats another name for inherited behaviour?

Back 6

Innate

Front 7

What are two examples of innate behaviour?

Back 7

Earthworms show negative photo taxis-move away from light
Sea anemones wave tentacles when in contact with chemicals released by prey

Front 8

What is an example of learned behaviour?

Back 8

Habituation, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning.

Front 9

What is habituation?

Back 9

When an animal comes into contact with a repeated stimulus that is neither harmful nor beneficial, it quickly learns to ignore it, this means the animal can spend their energy more efficiently.

Front 10

What is an example of a behaviour that is a mixture of both innate and learned?

Back 10

Imprinting, they see their parents for the first time when they are born and automatically follow them

Front 11

What is classical conditioning and who studied it?

Back 11

Classical conditioning is when an animal learns Passively and associates and neutral stimuli with an important one. Eg: Pavlov and his dogs. Every time he rung a bell he would give the dogs food so they would salivate. Eventually, every time he rang the bell the dogs would automatically salivate as they associated the bell with food

Front 12

What is operant conditioning and who studied it?

Back 12

Operant conditioning is where the animal learns actively and associates an action with a punishment or reward. An example is Skinner, he made a skinner box where he trained pigeons and rats to pix a box and find the reward. He learned they used trial and error.

Front 13

What type of conditioning is used for training animals?

Back 13

Operant

Front 14

How does classical conditioning train dolphins?

Back 14

Dolphins associate a treat with a click.

Front 15

Why do animals need to communicate?

Back 15

Keep the group together, warn about predators, mood communication, communicate needs, allow attack coordination.

Front 16

Name the three ways animals can communicate and an example of each?

Back 16

Sound- Whales use low frequency sound to communicate
Chemical- Many animals use pheromones to claim their territory
Visual- Honey bees do waggle dance to find food, Mammals use posture to show mood.

Front 17

Who studies behaviour?

Back 17

Ethologists

Front 18

What did Tinbergen do?

Back 18

He studied innate behaviour in gulls, he observed that a chick will peck on the coloured spot on the beak of the parent gull. He then made models of gulls with different coloured spots and observed which spot each small gull pecked at

Front 19

What did Lonrez do?

Back 19

Imprinting, he observed that a gosling would follow the first object they saw. He took two goose eggs and was the first thing they saw. They then followed him.

Front 20

Who studied mountain gorillas and who studied chimpanzees? What did they find?

Back 20

Fossey-Africa, Goodall-Tanzania.
Worked together, protected one another, social ranks and groomed one another.

Front 21

Why are female more attracted to Mandrills with pink faces and bottoms?

Back 21

They have more testosterone.

Front 22

What does Monogamy mean?

Back 22

They only have one mate eg: swan

Front 23

What are the three ways that a parent looks after their children?

Back 23

Protection, feeding and teaching skills.

Front 24

Why do plants send signals out

Back 24

To attract pollinators, Attract insect predators.

Front 25

How do plants warn other plants about predators?

Back 25

They send out chemical signals when being eaten, other plants detect these chemical signals so harden their leaves.

Front 26

What is co-evolution?

Back 26

Two organisms evolve in response to one another.

Front 27

What are two examples of co-evolution?

Back 27

Plants and their predators: Insect: only one type of insect can reach the pollen so they get more for themselves Plant: only one insect so a guaranteed stream on pollinators (orchid and moth)
Plants and insects that eat them: Plant produces a chemical so most insects cant eat it. Insect: can eat it (caterpillars and ragwort)

Front 28

What is a name for human beings and their ancestors?

Back 28

Hominids

Front 29

How old is Ardi and what is her characteristics?

Back 29

4.4 Million years old, Long arms, ape like big toe, short legs, small brain, walked upright and didn't walk on hands.

Front 30

How old is Lucy, what are her characteristics?

Back 30

3.2 million years old, arched feet, medium arms and legs, larger than Ardi, walked more upright and efficiently

Front 31

Who found fossil Hominids, who was it and from what time did they date back to?

Back 31

Richard Leakey, Turkana boy, 1.6 Million years ago.

Front 32

Who did everyone evolve from and what technique did we use to find this?

Back 32

African Eve (Mitochondrial Eve) , Mitochondrial DNA

Front 33

Why is mitochondrial DNA more useful?

Back 33

Lots of it, less likely to degrade

Front 34

How did humans have to adpat to fit in at
(i) the coast of Asia
(ii) Australia
(iii) Europe

Back 34

(i) new tools for shell fish, new diet
(ii) New tools to get fruit of trees
(iii) Changed diet, hunting in groups, shelter, warm clothes

Front 35

What is bio-technology?

Back 35

Using living organisms to produce useful products to provide people with services.

Front 36

What are the conditions needed in a fermenter

Back 36

Food-Provide the liquid culture medium (carbohydrates, nitrates, vitamins)
Air- Supply oxygen is they respire aerobically
Temperature- Need optimum temp (water jacket)
Right PH- (ph monitor)
Sterile (aseptic) conditions
Stirrer: all get an even amount of nutrients

Front 37

What is the fungi that makes Mycroprotein?

Back 37

Fusarium

Front 38

How do you turn milk into yoghurt?

Back 38

Ferment lactobacillus bacteria and milk, the lactose sugars will turn lactose into lactic acid which clots the milk into yoghurt.

Front 39

What are the benefits to using microorganisms?

Back 39

They are easy and quick to grow, they can be grown all year round, cheaper and use waste from other agricultural products.

Front 40

How is cheese formed?

Back 40

Rennet is found in the lining of cows stomach, it contains chymosin which clots milk. You can genetically modify micro-organisms to make chymosin (genes for chymosin isolated from the calf stomach cells and put into yeast)

Front 41

What does invertase do?

Back 41

converts sucrose in glucose or fructose- less sugar for the same sweetness

Front 42

Why do you immobilise enzymes?

Back 42

To make them easier to remove.

Front 43

How do you immobilise lactase and why?

Back 43

mix sodium alginate and lactase.
Add calcium chloride
Leave to solidify and filter.
To make lactose free milk

Front 44

What enzyme breaks down Pectin to release apple juice?

Back 44

Pectinase

Front 45

What enzyme is added to join the sticky ends

Back 45

Ligase

Front 46

What is the name of two different kinds of DNA stuck together?

Back 46

Recombinant DNA

Front 47

What bacteria do scientists use to make herbicide-resistant plants and why?

Back 47

Angrobacterium Tumefaciens because they invade plant cells and inserts it DNA into the plant.

Front 48

What does Bacillus Thuringinensis do?

Back 48

Kill insects

Front 49

Pro's and Con's and Biotechnology?

Back 49

Pros: increase yield, better drought conditions, Golden rice reduce VitA
Cons: Need to tackle poverty first, countries become dependant on GM crops, poor soil can stop GM crops

Front 50

Snapdragon flowers contain what molecule? and what is benifical about it?

Back 50

Flavanoids,
get antioxidants and lower heart disease

Front 51

How do we increase food production?

Back 51

Reducing pests;insecticides, Bt toxin, crop rotation, biological (lady birds that eat aphids)
Selective breeding: breeding the two best parents so their offspring get the best traits
Genetically modifying plants

Front 52

How is biogas, biofuel and ethanol made?

Back 52

1) Decomposing of waste
2) oil, fats
3) fermentation of glucose