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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an engineer?
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Ingenium (Latin): Innate quality, especially mental power, capable of clever invention. Definition: A person who uses logical judgement to manipulate mechanisms or complex systems. Accomplished in a rational way with environmental contraints. |
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What are different types of engineering
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Civil - Environmental Mining Metallurgical-Materials Science Mechanical- Aeronautical, Space Systems Electronical- Electronics,Computer Engineering, Systems, Communications, Software Industrial- Manufacturing Chemical- Process Engineering, Oil and Gas |
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What is meant by professional Engineer to be an engineer
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Restricted by law -Demonstrated competence -Been licensed by provincial professional engineering licensing association. |
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What is the CEAB
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Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board
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Name various engineering accomplishments
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Transcontinental Railway Dehavilland Beaver (Plane) St Lawrence Seaway Athabasca Oil Sands Very High Voltage Transmission Nuclear power Alouette Satellite Trans-Canada Telephone Network Winnipeg Floodway Canadarm Confederation Bridge IMAX Pacemaker CN Tower |
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Name various engineering failures
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Tacoma Narrows Bridge Quebec Bridge Challenger and Columbia Space Shuttle Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor 1986 |
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Name different types of reports in university
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Current work: -Assignments -Laboratory Reports -Resume -Job Applications |
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Describe the structure of reports |
Title Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction -background info, reason for writing, objective. Method Results and Discussion -Present findings, Tables, graphs and drawings with caption, Only results that are related to objective, why they matter -Discuss encountered difficulties/ anomalies Conclusions -was the objective achieved -either paragraph or organized in point form Acknowledgements References Appendices -Data Tables -Graphs -Drawings |
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Define Measurements
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Physical quantity that has been observed ( compared to a standard unit) So it's compared to two parts 1. numerical Magniture 2, Name, Symbol or combination of symbols that define the reference standard |
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Define Dimensions
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A measurable extent of some kind such as length, depth or height
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Define Units |
A quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other quantities may be expressed
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Define base units
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Fundamental units from which all other units are derived
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Define derived units
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Derived in terms of base units ( 1 Newton = 1 kg*m/s^2
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Describe SI systems and name 7 base units
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Systeme international d'unites (metric) Seven base units Meter=length Kilogram=Mass Second=Time Ampere=Electric current Kelvin=Temperature Candela=Luminous intensity Mole=Amount of substance |
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Describe Absolute systems
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Absolute system is the SI unite system Mass is the fundamental unit Newton's second law (F=m*a) is invoked to derive force due to gravity |
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Describe gravitational systems
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FPS Unit System is a gravitational system Force is a fundamental unit and mass is derived from Newtons second law. (F=m*a) |
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What is the factor method label
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Convert the individual factors into common units
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What are different types of report during early years
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Early Career -Internal Memos -Progress Reports -Internal Technical Reports -Contribute To External Reports |
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What are different types of reports during the end of career
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Later Career -Proposal Preparation -Technical Reports -Patents -Budget/ Staffing Forecasts -Buisness Letters |
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What is fixed notation
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Ordinary decimal notation ( don't change anything) |
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What is scientific notation |
Scientific notation, you bring it up to the first sig fig and you multiply it by 10 to the power of whatever power your number happends to be
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What is engineering notation
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Exponent of 10 and is a multiple of 3 to correspond with SI prefix
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Define uncertainty and measurement error
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Interval around estimate where the true value lies. this is called the uncertainty interval True value- Measured value = measurement error |
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How do you classify systematic errors and what are the three main types of systematic errors
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Deviation from the true value (bias or offset) Often seen in calibration or comparison with results obtained with an independent method 1. Natural error (environmental) 2. Instrument error ( offset, imperfection in instrument) 3. Personal error (Habit of the observer) |
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How do you classify random errors
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Result of small variation in measurement , they don't make bias measurement because they produce both positive and negative errors which have a zero mean value
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What is Accuracy
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Accurate measurement close to the true value
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What is precision
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the repeatability of a measurement so they have small random erros
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What is bias
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systematic error
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How do you write inexact quantities
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Include a statement about the uncertainty, since it is normally expressed as an estimated range
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What are the rules for the correct implementation of significant digits
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1. All non-zeros are significant 2. All zeros between significant digits are significant 3. Leading zeros are not significant 4. Trailing zeros are significant in fractional part of number |
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What are the rules to rounding numbers
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1. When the leftmost discarded digit is less than 5 don't change it 2. When leftmost discarded digit is greater than 5 then increase rightmost retained digit by one 3. When it is five and all following digits are 0 don't change it if the number before it is even 4. When it is five and all following digits are 0 increase by 1 it if the number before it is odd |
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What are the rules for writing with units
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1. Always put a space between numeric value and unit 2. Put units on all of your numbers unless you can factor them togeather. 3. Only use symbols |
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What are the operations when calculating with uncertainties |
1. addition, ( add absolute uncertainties togeather 2. Subtraction ( add absolute uncertainties togeather) 3. Multiplication ( Make them into a percentage, then add them togeather) 4. Division ( Make them into a percentage then add them togeather) |
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What is the importance of graphical communication
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The majority of engineering information is transmitted graphically. it lets everyone visulalise the problem and interpret the data
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Explain perspective projection |
the projectors intersects at a finite point called a vanishing point. (if you were to draw a room...) |
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Explain oblique projection
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Front face is parallel to the viewer, therefore face is true size but there are no 90 degrees angles
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explain isometric projection
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Parallel lines remain parallel, and they converge to a vanishing point. so 90 degree angles become 120 degree angles. it's the best of both words because it shows more than one face but still has parallel projection
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explain 3rd angle orthographic projection |
(2D representation of a 3D object) Top Front Right Side They show off the most detailed sides. like if you placed object in a glass box isometric view, you are looking through these sides |
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explain 1st angle orthographic projection
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(2D representation of a 3D object) Right Side Front Top They show off the most detailed sides like if you placed object in a glass box isometric view, you are cutting glass box open and looking at what is left. |
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What are the rules to properly dimension engineering drawngs
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1. The first dimensions should be three times the letter hight from the object 2. successive dimensions should be two times the letter height apart 3. Place dimensions between the views sharing the same dimension 4. dimension the most descriptive view 5. give an overall dimension, omitting last in chain of dimension 6. reduce clutter 7. Dimension lines never cross any other lines 8. Extension lines can cross other extention, object lines if necessary 9. Dimension outside the object 10. Dimension the diameter of cylinders in rectangular view 11. Dimension circular holes in the the view where they look like holes |
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what are the standard conventions followed when preparing engineering drawings
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1. Dimensions must describe the complete geometry of the part 2. No redundant dimension 3. Dimension from visible lines (not hidden features) 4. Repeated regular identical features may be dimensioned once along with a small note indicating quantity 5. locate dimensions to indicate how tolerances accumulate 6. Radii are dimensioned using a leader line with an arrow at the end of the line 7. Fractional degree measurements can be represented with decimals or minutes and seconds. |
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What are the other types of engineering graphics
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Graphical Mathematics (MAT LAB 3D GRAPH) Nomographs (Calculating chart that contain 3 or more mathematical variables) Empirical Equations ( Modeling relations between empirical data with mathematical equation CAD (Computer aided drafting) Solid Modeling ( CREO, INVENTOR |
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what are the importance of sketching and visualization of engineering drawings
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Freehand sketching outperforms CAD for fast sketching.Used to develop ideas and solve a problem. Visualisation lets you see the object in your head and spin in around so that you can see all the problems that it can encounter
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What's the hierarchy of orthographic projection lines?
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1. Visible object lines 2. Hidden lines and cutting plane lines 3. Centre lines 4. Extension and leader lines Extension and Center Lines -Leave a gap between the end of an extension line and the object -The short dashes of a crossing perpendicular center lines form a small cross (used in circles) |
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What is engineering deisgn
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Identifying problems, solving them, and implementing the solutions.
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Describe systems and product design |
System design deals with the arrangement of available products into a unique combination that yields the desired result (multidiciplinairy) Product design deals with design testing manufacture and sale of mass-produced goods |
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What is the engineering design process and method?
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1. Recongnition of need 2. Definition of the design problem 3, Definition of the design criteria 4. The design loop -Synthesis -Analysis -Decision-making 5. Optimization 6. Evaluation 7. Communication |
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How do you apply the engineering design process and method? |
1. Recongnition of need (statement of requirements) 2. Definition of the design problem (Research, find the problem) 3. Definition of the design criteria (quantative goals for the project) 4. The design loop -Synthesis ( potential solution) -Analysis(Calculate expeted result after each idea) -Decision-making (which alternative is best) 5. Optimization(Best design at reasonable cost) 6. Evaluation (approval by senior engineer) 7. Communication(reports and technical drawings) |
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Define codes
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A set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture and construction of things (Achieve a specific degree of safety, efficiency, performance or quality) |
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Define Standards
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A set of specifications for parts materials or processes intended to achieve uniformity (places limits so as to provide reasonable inventory of tooling, sizem shapes, varieties, etc. |
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Explain the role of creativity and innovation in engineering design
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They are crucial for the design loop part of the Engineering design process. They allow you to solve problems |
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Explain different types of design reports
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Written -Proposal (they should pay for the project) -Progress report ( quarterly status on project) -Final report (Final steps in the project) Oral Graphical |
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What are the features in Creo?
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Assign different dimensions of the model feature defined the physical shape of the part Important changes can be easily incorporated at any point during the design process Changes propagate throught the model automatically Creo enables the user to create fully detailed standard engineering working drawings from model generation |
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What is 3D printing
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Dropping layer on layer of hot plastic to form an object
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What is rapid prototyping
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Real time prototyping Time reduction Hand on collaboration Cost reductions |
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What is the STL file format
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Stereolithography (STL) Files reproduces an object\s 3D geometry by storing a set number pf facets or 3D triangles in a complex digital model
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What is additive rapid prototyping
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The machine reads in data from a CAD drawing and lays down successive layers of liquid plastic, or some other building matrial. and in this way builds up the model from a long series of planar cross section layers
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What is subtractive rapid prototyping
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The machine starts out with a block of plastic and uses a delicate cutting tool to carve away material, layer by layer to match the digital object
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what are various rapid prototyping technique
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1. Stereolithography ( liquid curing) 2. Laminated Object Manufacturing (sheets are bonded togeather) 3. Selective laser sintering ( Lazer fuse powdered materials into solid object) 4. Fused deposition Modeling (3D Printing) 5. Solid Ground Curing (liquid curing whole object at same time) 6. 3D ink jet printing (parts are build upon a platform in a bin of powder material selectively hardened with binder deposited with the print head) |
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What are the applications of statistics
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Statistical Analysis is the science of data collection and data interpretation. -Summarize data -maximize information derived from data -test alternative hypotheses or models -compute probability of future occurrences -Make rational decisions based on data and information -Quantifies our ignorance (Uncertainty) |
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Define fundamental statistical terms
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Mean: The sum of all data divided by the number of data points Median: Value of the data point in the center of the data set when arranged in ascending order Mode: one or more sets of numbers that occurs with the greatest frequency |
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How do you calculate fundamental statistical quantities
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Standard Deviation (population) Sample Standard Deviation (Same except denominator has n-1) Variance (Square of the standard deviation) Standard error (describe the variation of the means about the estimated mean)~Confidence level~ |
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How do you generate histograms
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Start with a data set of observations Find the Big range (max-min) Make a 'number' of bins with smaller equal-size ranges that span the big range Count how many of your data fits in the ranges of your bins Plots frequency distribution |
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How do you apply z and t tables for statistical analyses
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z-statistics (standard normal distribution. The total area under the standard normal distribution is equal to 1) ~cover half areas~ t-Statistics( Small Samples less than 30 elements |
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How do you estimate proportional mean values
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You use proportions, similar to standard error how much do you think you are wrong
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What are bivariate statistics and relationships
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Bivariable statistics is when two cariables are measured We want to see if there is a relationship or correlation between the two variables i.e can one be predicted from the other |
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What is linear correlation and regression
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Linear correlation is a measure of the strength of a relationship.(how well does a line of best fit represent the data)~Good cooralation -1 Linear regression is a process which a mathematical model is fitted to a set of data ( Test whether model provides reasonable description of the observations and give confidence that predictions from models are good) |
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How do you calculate correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination
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Equation given on exam Coefficient of determination ( i.e how much of data can be explained by line of best fit) |
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How do you calculate the line of best fit using linear regression |
y^=mx+b y^=predicted y variable from graph line x= independent variable m=slope b=y^ intercept at 0 Error y-y^ |
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What sources of variation affect the accuracy of prediction of linear regression
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How well you fit the line or SSE ( Sum of Squared Errors) Variation explained by the regression model variation not explained by the regression model TSS=SSR(Residual)+SSE (Explained) |
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What characterises the engineering profession?
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We are in charge of public safety Responsitibility, Accountability Liability provide certification/reports under the occupational health and safety |
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How is the engineering profession regulated by law
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The engineering is reulated by law threw the licensing process. it is illegal to practice engineering in Canada without a licence so in order to become an engineer you must comply to the engineering requiremenets put up by your province Also you follow a code of ethics, misconduct with negligence result in trials |
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What are the academic and experience requirements to enter the engineering profession
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Be at least 18 years old be of good character meet educational standards established by PEO(1/8 math, 1/8 basic science, 1/8 engineering sciences, 1/8 engineering design, Engineering sciences and Engineering Design must be 1/2 of the program. 1/8 complementary studies. Pass the professional practice exam on engineering law and ethics have four years of engineering practical experience in ontario |
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What are Taylor series
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Taylor series of a fuction f(x) that is infinitely differentiable in the region of a number 'a' in the power series:
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Name the three solutions to linear systems
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The unique solution ( two lines meet at a point) Infinite Solutions ( two planes meet in a line) The Trivial solution ( 0 they never me |
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Name two ways to calculate the standard matrix in matlab?
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x=inv(A)*b or x=A\b |
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What are Semicolons used for in MATLAB
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Follow commands when you do not ant the output to be printed/echoed to the screen |
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Which one of these variables are invalid in MATLAB a)Number1 b)Number_1 c)Number 1 |
c) you are not allowed spaces in matlab
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What are the uses of parentheses in MATLAB
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1. Used to denote order of operations or standard functions 2*(3+4) 2. Used to denote elements of a matrix/ vectorA(1,2) [1,2;3,4] Matrix 3. Used to enclose arguments of functions: cos(x) exp(x), log(x) Disp(Number) |
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What are nested loops
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For, (withing the for statemenet there is another for statement) End |
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Why is OHS important
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Ontario Health and Safety: Design to help protect people in the workplace, As a student during projects, as an employee during summer and coop jobs and as an engineer
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What is the Occupational Health and Safety Act
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Provides framework to make workplaces safer, create specific duties on workplace parties and it gives workers the three rights ( to refuse m to know and to participate)
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What the workplace responsibilities and rights according to the OHSA
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Called internal Responsibility System (IRS) Joint health and safety committee to change workplaces practices when looking at safety concerns of the workers. |
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What are the dangers of multitasking?
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Increased production of stress hormone Increased production of adrenaline (overstimulation, scrambled thinking) Creates dopamine-addiction (losing focus) opportunity to multitask "Makes you dumb" |
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Explain modern economic history
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Before: Economies remained frozen Now: based on trust, translated into increased production, wealth |
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Explain the main events and reasons for the industrial revolution
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