Econ 2100 Final Exam

Front 1

sustainable development

Back 1

management of the earth's resources such that their long-term quality and abundance is ensured for future generations.

achieving environmental quality and economic prosperity.

Front 2

environmental quality

Back 2

a reduction in anthropogenic contamination to a level that is "acceptable" to society

Front 3

environmental impact equation

Back 3

environmental impact= income per capita x environmental impact per unit of income x population

Front 4

environmental kuznet's curve

Back 4

models an inverted u-shape relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation

Front 5

three different views of the shape of the environmental kuznets curve

Back 5

1) conventional: standard inverted U shape.
2)pessimistic: beyond a critical income level, the best a nation can do is maintain some existing level of pollution
3) optimistic- implies that the trade-off is not as severe, it does not persist, and the extent of environmental damage is lower at each level of development

Front 6

international externality

Back 6

a spillover effect associated with production or consumption that extends to a third party in another nation

Front 7

CFC's

Back 7

a family of chemicals believed to contribute to ozone depletion

Front 8

multilateral fund

Back 8

assists developing nations in transitioning toward CFC substitute technologies. funded by industrialized countries

Front 9

greenhouse gases

Back 9

gases collectively responsible for the absorption process that naturally warms the earth

Front 10

flexible mechanisms

Back 10

help achieve emissions targets specified by the Kyoto treaty. include a trading system of GHG allowances for participating developed nations.

Front 11

acid rain

Back 11

arises when sulfuric and nitric acids mix with other airborne particles and fall to the earth as precipitaton

Front 12

free trade

Back 12

the unencumbered exchange of goods and services among nations

Front 13

protectionism

Back 13

fostering trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas, to protect a domestic economy from foreign competition

Front 14

pollution haven effect

Back 14

changes in trade patterns caused by cost differences among nations due to varying environmental regulations

Front 15

industrial ecology

Back 15

a multidisciplinary systems approach to the flow of materials and energy between industrial processes and the environment

Front 16

materials balance model

Back 16

positions the circular flow within a larger schematic to show the connections between economic decision making and the natural envrionment

Front 17

residual

Back 17

the amount of a pollutant remaining in the environment after a natural or technological process has occurred

Front 18

linear or open flow of materials

Back 18

assumes that materials run in one direction, entering an economic system as inputs and leaving as wastes or residuals

Front 19

cyclical or closed flow of materials

Back 19

assumes that materials run in a circular pattern in a closed system, allowing residuals to be returned to the production rpocess

Front 20

life cycle assessment (LCA)

Back 20

examines the environmental impact of a product or process by evaluating all its stages from raw materials extraction to disposal

Front 21

ISO 140000 standards

Back 21

voluntary international standards for environmental management. aims at providing countries with a common approach to environmental issues

key areas addressed by this include:
-environmental management systems
-environmental performance evaluations
-environmental auditing
-life cycle assessment
-environmental labeling

Front 22

industrial ecosystem

Back 22

a closed system of manufacturing whereby the wastes of one process are reused as inputs in another

Front 23

pollution prevention (P2)

Back 23

a long-term strategy aimed at reducing the amount or toxicity of residuals released to nature

Front 24

source reduction

Back 24

preventive strategies to reduce the quantity of any contaminant released to the environment at the point of generation

Front 25

toxic chemical use substition

Back 25

the use of less harmful chemicals in place of more hazardous substances

include source segregation, raw materials substitution, changes in manufacturing processes, product substitution

Front 26

source segregation

Back 26

any process that keeps hazardous waste from coming in contact with nonhazardous waste.

Front 27

raw materials substitution

Back 27

the use of inputs that generate little or no hazardous waste (occurs during production phase)

Front 28

changes in manufacturing processes

Back 28

firms seek alternative production methods that generate less hazardous by-products (occurs during production phase)

Front 29

product substitution

Back 29

selection of environmentally safe commodities over their potentially polluting substitutes (occurs after production phase)

Front 30

cleaner production

Back 30

a preventive strategy applied to products and processes to improve efficiency and reduce risk

Front 31

extended product responsibility (EPR)

Back 31

a commitment by all participants in the product cycle to reduce any life cycle environmental effects of products

Front 32

remanufacturing

Back 32

collection, dissassembly, reconditioning, and reselling of the same product

Front 33

design for the environment

Back 33

promotes the use of environmental considerations along with cost and performacne in product design and development. supports a cyclical flow of materials

Front 34

green chemistry program

Back 34

promotes the development of innovative chemical technologies to achieve pollution prevention

Front 35

technology transfer

Back 35

the advancement and application of technolgies and stratagies on a global scale

Front 36

environmental literacy

Back 36

awareness of the risks of pollution and natural resource depletion