Ecology Midterm

Front 1

Community

Back 1

a community is defined as an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction

Front 2

Community Ecology

Back 2

is the study of members of a multispecies assemblage that interact with each other and their surroundings

Front 3

Respiration energy in energy flow

Back 3

is heat unavailable for further energy transfer

Front 4

Matter on earth

Back 4

is in a closed system
it does not enter or leave

just changes form

Front 5

Energy on earth

Back 5

is a open system
it enters and leaves in multiple different forms

Front 6

Ecosystems are built with resources

Back 6

sunlight

water

time

space

nutrients

food

Front 7

All Resources have

Back 7

Limitations

Front 8

Limitations create

Back 8

Stress

Front 9

Ecosystems balance between

Back 9

Resource supply and Limitations

Front 10

Adaptions are result of natural selection

which enables

Back 10

organism to escape stress and access more resources

Front 11

Ability to access resources and escape stress results in?

Back 11

being able to survive, able to reproduce and able to finds its niche

Front 12

Not all stress is resources based
name some other stresses

Back 12

HEAT AND DESSICATION

COLD AND FREEZING

EXPOSURE

HERBIVORY/PREDATION

INJURY

PARASITES

DISEASE

Front 13

What creates the identity and the fundamental functions of an ecosystem

Back 13

its limiting resources and stress

(ex. how much water and nutrient in the soil)

Front 14

name plant adaption in desert enviroments

Back 14

Drought avoidance--> only active when non stressful

Drought tolerance --> succlent (fat plants) helps retain water

Efficient nutrient use

Front 15

Name Animal adaptions in deserts

Back 15

Drought avoidance--> nocternal and rapid life cycle

Drought tolerance--> store water and conserve water

Heat tolerance--> dissipate heat (ears)

Front 16

Plant adaptions in ontario forests

Back 16

Shade avoidance--> Height and Rapid phenology

Winter dormancy--> roots and seed

Shade tolerance--> rapid response to light

Front 17

Animal adaptions in ontario forests

Back 17

winter avoidance--> die(insects) , migrate or hibernate

Winter tolerance--> physical change( fat, fur,)

bheavioural change, burrows

antifreeze

Front 18

Communites can be defined by ?

Back 18

physical (abiotic) or Biological (dominant species type)

Front 19

Three set that define local communities

Back 19

Taxnomic--> same species family

Guild--> expolit same resource

Functional Group--> same methods different resources

Front 20

how do you map local communities

Back 20

food web or interaction web

Front 21

Community structure

Back 21

is the set of characteristic that shape a community

species diversity

species compostion(it's identity)

physical structure (ex layers)

Front 22

What are the 2 historically views of community structue?

Back 22

clements--> super oragnism

Geason--> individualistic concept

Front 23

Gleasons community structure

Back 23

species respond to conditions individually and species associations are not fixed

every one for them selves

Front 24

Clements community structure

Back 24

super organism

species associations are consistent reflect common responses to environment

cooperative co evolution between species

everyone helps each other

Front 25

Which modern ecological perspective was adopted?

Back 25

Gleasonian individualistic concept

Front 26

Bio Diversity

Back 26

Biodiversity number and variety of living organisms includes genetic diversity species and ecological diversity

Front 27

Species diversity

Back 27

number of species and how abundant they are

Front 28

Species Richness

Back 28

The number of species in a defines community

Front 29

abundance can be measured in

Back 29

density= number of individual in a sample

bio mass= weight of living material

percent cover = amount of ground covered in a given area

Front 30

Abundance vs dominance

Back 30

Abundances counts the number in individual but dominance accounts for the the species that takes up the most space

Front 31

Relative abundance

Back 31

the abundance of a species divided by total abundance of all species combined

Front 32

abundance distributions can be graphed in what way

Back 32

Frequency histogram= bar graph to see how many

Rank abundance diagram= the percentage closer to 1.0 is ranked #1

that species is the most abundance

Front 33

The species area curve

Back 33

S=cA^z

s=number of species

a= area

c= constant number of species in the smallest are

z= constant (slope of the log)

or

LogS = logC+ z logA

Front 34

what are the problems with sampling?

Back 34

individuals--> are randomly sampled in given area

Samples--> the number of plots that are recorded

.

Rarefaction--> more common individuals are found more often even when you resample thus giving you the curve

Front 35

Shannon index of diversity

Back 35

number of distribution among species
to see species richness

pi=proportion indiv/total indiv

s =total number of species

H=-E(sum)pi ln(pi)

Front 36

Shannon evenness

shannon index diversity

Back 36

Front 37

what types of diversity are there

Back 37

Alpha = Local diversity found within a particular habitat

Beta = change in species compostion among habitats within region

Gamma = Total diversity among collection of habitats

Front 38

Beat diversity

Back 38

how similar the species composition is between sites?

- count # of species that differ

count # of species that are same

Total number of species?(species richness in sites)

Front 39

Jaccards index

Back 39

C=j/(a+b-j)

j # of species found in both sites

a= # of species found in site a

B= # of species found in site b

Front 40

Gamma diversity

Back 40

total diversity among a collection of habitats or regional species pool

Front 41

4 Patterns of species distribution across gradient

Back 41

random, checker board, nested and turn over

random and checker board means that the tested variable is not a factor

but nested and turnover means the it is a factor that affects species distribution