Ecology: Limiting Factors And Range Of Tolerance

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Dependent

Back 1

depends on the number of organisms in the area

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Independent

Back 2

does not depend on the number of organism

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Liebig's Law of Minimum

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determination of gradient in short supply

(focused only in plant)

Growth is not dictated by the total resources available but by the scarce resource "short in supply"

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Shelford's Law of Tolerance

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modified Liebig's

anything in excess or less will have negative effects to organism due to physiological stress

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niche

Back 5

role of an organism in an environment

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'steno'

Back 6

narrow

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'eury'

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wide

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stenothermal

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narrow temperature range

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eurythermal

Back 9

wide temperature range

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stenohydric

Back 10

narrow water range

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euryhydric

Back 11

wide water range

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stenohaline

Back 12

narrow salinity range

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euryhaline

Back 13

wide salinity range

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stenophagic

Back 14

narrow food range

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euryphagic

Back 15

wide food range

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stenoecious

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narrow habitat range

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euryecious

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wide range of habitat

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Food

Water

Light

Mate (presence or absence)

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Other limiting factors

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carrying capacity

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number of organisms in an area which an environment can sustain

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population size

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carrying capacity

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density dependent

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competition

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density dependent

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affected by number of population

affects long-lived and few youngs: K-selected species are more susceptible

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competition

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compete due to scarcity of resources

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predation

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more prey = more predator

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density dependent

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predation

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density dependent

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presence of diseases and parasites

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presence of diseases and parasites

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more organism = faster spread of disease

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waste accumulation of an area

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waste excreted by organism becomes harmful

more organism = more waste produced

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density dependent

Back 29

waste accumulation of an area

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density independent

Back 30

storm

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density independent

Back 31

high intensity storm surge or tsunami

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density independent

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earthquake

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density independent

Back 33

forest fires or wildfires

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density independent

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drought

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R-selected species

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small organisms that reach reproductive maturity fast

population does not easily crash because of death compensated by young

ex. exponential growth rate

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K-selected species

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usually big organisms that reach reproductive maturity at a later time

produce a few offspring and tend their young (high rate of survival kaya population does not crash)

less prone to limiting factors

logistic growth curve / sygmoid curve

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limiting factors

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can be biotic or abiotic

anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing

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1. availability of raw materials

2. availability of energy

3. production and disposal of waste products

4. Interaction with other organisms

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4 Limiting Factors based on how they act upon a population

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raw materials

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resources needed by the organisms to survive such their physiological needs

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Magnesium

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plant requirements:

chlorophyll's central structure

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Nitrogen

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Plant requirements:

synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids

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Water

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Plant requirements:

transmission of nutrients and photosynthesis

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water

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Animal requirements

synthesis of enzymes

medium of transportation

regulate body temperature

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minerals

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Animal requirements

synthesis of hormones, proteins, and enzymes

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materials for nesting

suitable burrow sites

food

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other Animal requirements

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Justus von Liebig

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proponent of Law of Minimum 1840

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stationary phase

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phase where the bacteria population reaches stable equilibrium as it approaches its carrying capacity and plateaus

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death phase

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phase where there is an overproduction of toxic metabolic waste which are harmful to the bacteria itself

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stenophagic

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steno/euryphagic

koala, panda

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euryphagic

Back 50

steno/euryphagic

rats, humans

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stenohaline

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uryhaline

steno/euryhalinecorals

corals

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euryhaline

Back 52

euryhaline

steno/eeuryhalinesalmon, mangroves

salmon, mangroves

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stenothermic

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steno/eurythermic

polar bears, penguins, vultures, paramecium, bees

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eurythermic

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steno/eurythermic

humans, greywolves, rats

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stenotopic

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steno/eurytopic

koala

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eurytopic

Back 56

steno/eurytopic

humans, invasive species

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1. extrinsic factors

2. extrinsic populations

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Limiting factors according to Source

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extrinsic factors

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outside populations

e.g. predators, loss of food source, lack of sunlight, natural catastrophe

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extrinsic populations

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inside populations

e.g. cannibalism, behavioural changes (rats being aggressive at crowded areas)

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density independent

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regardless of populations size

affects small, short-lived organisms that can reproduce very rapidly (R-selected species)