Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Define:
Herbivory |
Animals (herbivores) "prey" on plants, usually not killing them, just eating parts.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Mutualism |
Interactions between two species where both benefit
|
|
|
|
How are Herbivores classified?
|
Classified based on the parts or types of plant they eat.
|
|
|
|
Name the 5 classes of herbivory we talked about, and an example organism(s) from each class.
|
1) Granivores - seed predator
EXA: Kangaroo Rat 2) Nectivore - eats nectar EXA: Bats, Bees 3) Frugivore - fruit eating organism EXA: Bat, birds 4) Grazer - feeds on low lying plants EXA: Bison, antelope 5) Browser - eats off trees or shrubs EXA: Elephant |
GG NBF
|
|
|
What percentage of leaves are lost to herbivores annually?
|
10%
|
|
|
|
What are 3 ways that herbivores are regulated in terms of how much greenery they're able to eat?
|
1) Herbivore population may self-regulate
2) Predator may hold down herbivore numbers 3) Plants may have defenses against herbivory. |
|
|
|
If herbivores affect plant fitness then...
|
...there is selective pressure for plants to produce defenses against herbivory.
|
|
|
|
What are 4 ways plant defenses adapt in the presence/absence of herbivores?
|
1) Plants evolve more defenses if exposed to more herbivory
2) Plants allocate defenses to valuable, at-risk tissues 3) Defenses reduced when herbivore absent. 4) Defenses costly and can't be maintained in stressful environments. |
|
|
|
What are the 2 examples of grazing, non-native introduced herbivores mentioned?
|
- Rabbits in Australia (1950's)
- Deer in New Zealand |
|
|
|
What are the 3 examples of domestic, grazing herbivores mentioned?
|
Cattle
Sheep Goats |
|
|
|
What is the "Overcompensation Hypothesis" for grazing?
|
[12.13] pg. 222
Grazing will increase plant production up to some point (indicated by the peak of the blue curve on graph) |
|
|
|
What is the specific example used in the argument against the "Overcompensation Hypothesis"?
|
The Undercompensation Hypothesis
[12.14a] pg. 223 Shrubs cut later in the late-summer showed a sharp decrease in biomass (36%) in relation to plants that were not cut. |
|
|
|
Mutualism usually involves species performing _____ _____ for one another.
|
...complementary functions...
|
|
|
|
Define:
Facultative mutualism |
Mutualism is not required for species survival.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Obligatory mutualism |
Mutualism *is* required for species survival
|
|
|
|
What are 3 kinds of mutualism?
|
1) Trophic mutualism
2) Dispersive mutualism 3) Defensive mutualism |
DDT
|
|
|
Define:
Trophic mutualism |
Two species have complementary modes of nutrition.
|
|
|
|
What are 2 example pairs of (symbiotic) organisms that function under trophic mutualism?
|
1) Licens: Alga + fungus
Alga form a photosynthetic later and share photosynthate with fungus. 2) Mycorrhizae: Plant roots + fungi "This mutualistic association provides the fungus with relatively constant and direct access to mono- or dimeric carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose produced by the plant in photosynthesis.[3] The carbohydrates are translocated from their source location (usually leaves) to the root tissues and then to the fungal partners. In return, the plant gains the use of the mycelium's very large surface area to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil, thus improving the mineral absorption capabilities of the plant roots" - Wiki |
|
|
|
Define:
Dispersive mutualism |
Animals transporting pollen or seeds of plants in return for food.
|
|
|
|
Define:
Defensive mutualism |
One species protects another in return for some reward
|
|
|
|
Define the relationship between:
Ants and Swollen horn acacia. What did the experiment testing this relationship show? |
A type of defensive mutualism.
The acacia have - large, horn-shaped thorns - foliar nectaries - beltian bodies. The ants: - hollow out the thorns to build build nests within - use nectaries and Beltian bodies for food. - Defend the acacia against herbivores and competitors An experiment done by Janzen showed that when her removed the ants from the acacia: - Acacia was quickly overgrown - More herbivorous insects were present than without ants |
|
