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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Agouti gene |
gene that determines dorsal coat color |
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Natural Selection |
accumulating mutations to adapt and survive in local environment |
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Gene |
discrete stretch of DNA |
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Genome |
all the genes in an organism |
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Allele |
one or two variations of a gene |
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Gene Pool |
all the genes and their variants in the population |
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Speciation |
divergence of existing species into new species |
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Microevolutionary mechanisms |
changes in gene frequencies or alleles in a population |
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4 ways microevolutionary mechanisms occur? |
1 natural selection 2 mutation 3 Gene Flow 4 Genetic drift |
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Gene flow |
gains and losses of alleles from population due to movement of individuals |
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Genetic drift |
random changes in allelic frequency in a population... only see drift in a small isolated population |
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Mutation |
random change in genetic code... occur spontaneously |
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Founder Effect |
small group of individuals isolate themselves and breed amongst themselves (ex: amish) |
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Bottleneck Effect |
occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduces a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population. This leaves low genetic diversity among the surviving individuals (ex: Northern Elephant Seals being hunted and nearly extinct) |
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Sexual Selection |
process that depends on the advantage of certain individuals over others of the same sex & species in exclusive relationship to reproduce |
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Intrasexual Selection |
individuals of 1 sex (males) gain competive edge by fighting winner gets mate loser noting |
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Physical Traits of Intrasexual Selection |
claws, fangs, horns, antlers |
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Sexual dimorphism |
difference between males and females of a species (ex: size, color, antlers) |
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Intersexual Selection |
selective mate choice where usually female choose mate with preferred characteristics |
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Symmetry |
Means they have good genetics, no mutations, no accidents, injury and good nutrition (ex: Barn swallow pair tail feathers which females look for equal length tail feathers) |
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Evolution |
Inherited changes over time |
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Inherited |
passing on from one generation to the next (offspring) |
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allopatric speciation |
event occurs that splits population (ex: severe rainstorm caused a river to form but a slug can't cross so now slug pop. is split) |
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4 Nucleotides |
Cytosine, Thymidine, Adenine, Guanine |
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Bold letters in gene group = |
mutation |
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Evolutionary History |
Everything was organized, including inanimate objects in a hierarchical ladder (ex: god -> humans -> worms) |
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Scala Naturae |
"ladder of life" (no extinction, no change, everything alive has always been alive) |
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Antediluvian |
before the flood |
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Gideon & MaryAnn Mantell (1822) |
Saw a bit of bone, first entire fossil skeleton of an Iguanadon |
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Darwin's Galapagos Findings |
1 animals were tame and not exposed to humans 2 animals and plants were unique, found on one island but not others 3 animals and plants were different than the mainland 4 unique island with some similarities to mainland S.A but very different from Europe |
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Alfred Russell Wallace |
young, poor, entomologist who traveled to study insects |
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Wallace's line |
Between Southeast Asia/ Asia and Australia which he realized plate tectonics had to occur because the animals could not mate with one another because they were too different |
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Darwin & Wallace view of Natural Selection |
Darwin - competition Wallace - adaptability |
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2 centers for first domesticating plants |
Fertile Crescent & Eastern China (Yellow/ Yangtze River)
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What cause plant domestication? |
Climate, Location & Luck |
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Spikelets |
Where seeds attach at the base of a grass plant |
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Mutation of grass plants in BP times |
non shattering mutation |
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Fossil Field |
Round & non-shattering grass species nest to each otehr |
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Crops of fertile crescent |
emmer wheat, barley, pea, einkorn wheat, lentil, chick pea, bitter vetch, fava beans |
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China |
several difference rice species, millet, soy bean |
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10,500 BP |
Mutation in Wheat in Nevali Cori (Turkey) |
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10,000 BP |
Mutation in rice in Yangtze River (China) |