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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Charles B. Davenport
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1st teacher to teach ecology as biology
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Charles B. Davenport’s text _______________ is believed to be the 1st American book with focus on statistics
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Statistical Methods in Biological Variation
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data
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observations consisting of numerical facts
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datum
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One numerical fact
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Statistics In biological studies refer to _____________
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the analysis and interpretation of data with a view toward objective evaluation of the reliability of the conclusions based on the data
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Biostatistics or Biometry
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biological measurement
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Descriptive statistics
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Once data have been obtained, it can be organized and summarized into an orderly presentation
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Inferential statistics
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If the data are used to make some generalized conclusions inferring characteristics of the whole from characteristics of its parts
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null hypothesis
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means we assume that there is no association in most cases
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p-value
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tells us the chances of a null hypothsis being correct
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Data on a ratio scale
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Measurement scales have a constant interval size, and
A true zero point and there is a physical significance to this zero |
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Data on an interval scale
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Measurement scales have a constant interval size, but not a true zero
Both scales are for continuous data |
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Data on an ordinal scale
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Consist of ordering or ranking of measurements
Deals with relative differences rather than quantitative differences |
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Data on a nominal scale
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The variable studied is classified by some quality it possess rather than by a numerical measurement- sorting
Variable = an attribute **both are for discrete (separate) units [whole units] |
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Continuous data
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one for which there is a possible value between any other two possible values
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Discrete variables
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can take on only certain values
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Ratio-, interval, and ordinal-scale data may be __________
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either continuous or discrete
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Nominal data are _______
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discrete
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Ecology
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Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.
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Ecosystem
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Includes all organisms living in an area, and the physical environment with which these organisms interact.
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Biosphere
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Highest level of ecological organization.
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Applied Ecology:
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Gained greatest visibility in 1970s
Lead to ecology playing a vital part in social, political, & economic issues Public awareness of ecological / environmental issues |
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Role of Rachel Carson
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Silent Springs—DDT effects on the environment
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Landscape ecology
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Studies spatial patterns in landscapes and how they develop with emphasis on human impacts
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Restoration ecology
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Applies experimental research to the restoring of ecosystems on highly disturbed areas
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Chemical ecology
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Involves measuring changes in chemical composition of ecosystem components
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Ecosystem management
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Considers ecosystems as functional units and it stresses long-term sustainability
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Ecology is the scientific study of __________
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the structure and function of nature
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Structure
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distribution and abundance of organisms as influenced by environment
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Function
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all aspects of growth and interactions of populations
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ecotones
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transitions between ecosystems
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Biomes
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distinguished primarily by their predominant plants and are associated with particular climates.
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The distribution and abundance of organisms are limited by __________
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Environmental Conditions
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What has the greatest influence on environmental conditions?
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Solar Radiation [the sun]
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abiotic factors
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Nonliving part of our world
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Spherical shape and tilt of earth’s axis causes:
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uneven heating of earth’s surface
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uneven heating of earth’s surface drives:
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air circulation patterns and consequently precipitation patterns.
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Sun
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Producer and emitter of energy
Hotter object; > energy emitted; shorter wavelengths |
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Earth
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Receiver and transmitter of energy
Cooler object; < energy emitted; longer wavelengths |
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Solar constant
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1.98 langley/minute
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A langley
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cal/cm2/min
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Weather:
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short-term variability and day-to-day observations/ considerations of abiotic factors
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Abiotic factors include:
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Temperature
Precipitation Humidity Wind Air pressure |
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Front
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the boundary b/w two air masses with different temperatures and densities
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w/in troposphere
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temp decrease w/ altitude
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w/in stratosphere
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temp increase w/ height
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Transition b/w the 2 layers
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tropopause
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tropopause
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coldest point of troposphere, just below is site of J S.
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Climate
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Is a product of weather, created by air motion driven by unequal heating
Is long-term weather observations of 30+ years Is highly predictable because it is based on averages of weather observations |
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Latitude
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The primary determinant of the amount of energy received on Earth by a given point
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Only about _________ of total solar output actually reaches Earth’s surface
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45 - 48%
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Some radiation is
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Reflected
Absorbed Reradiated |
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Greenhouse effect
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heating of the surface of the planet that results from gases in the atmosphere trapping radiation
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Hadley cells
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air is heated at the equator, rises and spreads out poleward, begins to sink in the subtropics, and returns to the equator as the trade winds.
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Coriolis force (effect)
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as air begins flowing from high to low pressure, the Earth rotates under it, making the wind follow a curved path. In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind turns to the right of its direction of motion. In the Southern Hemisphere, it turns to the left. The Coriolis force is zero at the equator.
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The trade winds
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the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere
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Westerlies
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the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 35 and 65 degrees latitude, blow from west to east to the north of the high pressure area
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Easterlies
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the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and South poles towards the low-pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes.
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doldrums
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a belt of calms and light baffling winds north of the equator between the northern and southern trade winds in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
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Horse Latitudes
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Between about 30° to 35° north and 30° to 35° south of the equator lies the region known as the horse latitudes or the subtropical high. This region of subsiding dry air and high pressure results in weak winds.
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Adiabatic cooling
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Adiabatic cooling deals with the cooling of parcels of air as they rise, or are forced up, through the atmosphere
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Relative humidity
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a term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water.
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Gyres
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any manner of swirling vortex
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Upwelling
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the transport of deeper water to shallow levels
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El nino
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is a periodic change in the atmosphere and ocean of the tropical Pacific region. It is defined in the atmosphere by the sign of the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia, and in the ocean by warming of surface waters of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Soil
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a complex mixture of living and non-living material.
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Pedology
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the study of soil
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Modern Day soil definitions
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The stratum below the vegetation and above the bed rock
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Five factors involved in soil formation
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Parent material
Climate Biotic factors Topography Time |
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Endemic species
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found no where else
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Calcicoles
Calcifuges |
High lime content
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Soil Physical characteristics influences
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Drainage
Moisture content Fertile soils |
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soil profile
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The minerals and organic components of soil are differentiated into strata of various depths
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Strata are called
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Horizons
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O horizon
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Organic Layer freshly fallen organic material - most superficial layer.
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A horizon
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Mixture of minerals, clay, silt and sand.
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B horizon
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Clay, humus, and other materials leached from A horizon - often contains plant roots.
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C horizon
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Weathered parent material.
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Organic stratum
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Humus (top soil) layer
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Humus (top soil) layer
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O and Oa layers
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Three (3) types of humus
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Mor – dry or moist acidic
Moder - < acidic Mull – fresh, moist soil with Ca ++, alkaline |
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Saturated soil
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A condition in which all easily drained voids (pores) between soil particles are temporarily or permanently filled with water, significant saturation during the growing season is considered to be usually one week or more
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Field capacity
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the amount of soil moisture or water content held in soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased
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Capillary water
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Moisture held in the tiny spaces between soil particles. It is the principal source of moisture for a plant's roots.
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Wilting point
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defined as the minimal point of soil moisture the plant requires not to wilt
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Available water capacity
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the range of available water that can be stored in soil and be available for growing crops
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Hygroscopic water
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Hygroscopic water content has been defined as the moisture that an initially dry soil will adsorb when brought into equilibrium with an atmosphere of 50% relative humidity (RH) at 20°C
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Hydric soil
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a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
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Different methods of weathering
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mechanical
chemical biological |
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Mechanical
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Water, wind and temperature cause rock surfaces to flake and peel off
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Chemical
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CO2 + H2O - H2CO3; rain water filters organics and pick up acids & minerals; chemical reactions occur– then smaller rock pieces are decomposed into minerals
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Biological
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living organisms die and decompose
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loess deposit
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Wind
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alluvial deposit
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Water
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Lacustrine
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lake (fresh) water
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Marine
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sea water
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Glacial ice
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till deposit
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Podzolization
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acid humus layer
Slow decomposition Ash color A horizon Coniferous forest |
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Calcification
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Ca ++ layer in B or upper C horizon
Low rainfall areas CaCO2 accumulation Salts removed leaving Ca and Mg in micelle Semi-arid areas |
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Laterization
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accumulation of Fe and Al oxides
Other ions leach -> nutrient poor soil Humid tropical areas |
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Salinization
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result from removal of soluble salts in an area
Arid regions |
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Gleyization
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Fe in soil with prolonged wetness and anaerobic conditions
Low rate of humus formation Dull gray color to horizons Cold wet biomes (tundra) |
