Eco Anth Exam 1

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eco anth

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study of human populations and their adaptive/non-adaptive relationships with biophysical surroundings *cultural adaptations *holistic by nature--> evolutionary bio, biogeography, systematics

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salience

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measure of representativeness/typicality

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cultures

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units of analysis in eco anth

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humanistic;

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1960s... eco anth was characterized by __________ goals and emphasized scientific inquiry

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address

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ultimately eco anth'ists seek to ______ NOT save present-day cultural, enviro, and spiritual crises

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food security; enviro wreckage and biota endangerment

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social eco crises?

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understanding systemic roots of social and eco justice/injustice; tracking how tech (tools and knowledge) advances and hinders human wellbeing; reconnecting human populations with ecosystems to restore/recreate productive and sustainable ways of living; modeling trajectories for cultural survival

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what can eco anth'ists accomplish?

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interconnected; language

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cultural/bio/ling systems are inextricably _______; ** _______ is the signalizing link in the chain

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6k

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how many langs spoken on Earth?

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ethnobiology

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the study of human relations with floral and faunal worlds

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ethnobotany

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provides a series of methods and approaches suitable for exploring how Native lang and knowledge are interwoven

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maternal grandmother

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Cherokee speakers raised within close proximity to a fluent _______ ____________ were 14 times more likely to speak Cherokee

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living in rural communities; frequent involvement in traditional cultural activities; having a reduced "material style of life"

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lang continuity factors

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ecology

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study of the relationships between living organisms and their natural environments

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pedogenesis

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how soil is formed

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cultural variables

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social organization, subsistence strategies, kinship structures, marriage systems, expressive behaviors, political life, medicine

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ecological variables

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physical landscape, biodiversity, soil types, water availability, animal species, plant species, microbes/pathogens

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humans and their enviros are constantly affecting one another

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basic tenets of eco anth?

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habitat

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element of the enviro supplying the life needs of a population

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niche

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section of the environment occupied by a population

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adaptation

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ecologically triggered adjustments in human biology and culture

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technology

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established knowledge of resources, tools, and techniques to meet the basic needs of human groups

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ecosystem

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energy, matter, and information

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ethnobotany, ethnozoology

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subspecialties of ethnobio?

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ethnobiology

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study of human knowledge, classification, and use of plants and animals

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traditional resource mgmt

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study of indigenous ag and resource procurement

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understanding the role of human culture in promoting resource sustainability and species diversity; to document...indigenous conservation strategies and apply them to create new models of sustainable development; to inform enviro policy by bridging the intellectual philosophies b/w traditional and Western ecologies

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goals of eco anth?

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Franz Boas

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early anthro studies; spent a year studying Inuit society/culture; concluded that culture is knowledge based and constantly changing

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Bronislaw Malinowski

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conducted fieldwork among Trobriand islanders; **functionalism; emphasized practicality of cultural traditions

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functionalism

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culture is knowledge designed to meet basic human needs (Malinowski)

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early cultural ecology

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1930s-40s; focus shifted back to ecological factors

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enviro determinism

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human culture is the product of enviro adaptation; emphasizes how climate, geography, and resource availability shape behavior and culture

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Daryll Forde

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first to view the relation b/w enviro and social structure

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A.L. Kroeber

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examined how ecosystems shape N. Amer. cultures; defined culture as "Superorganic"--> a function of human-eco interactions

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cultural area

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a geo region whose inhabitants share the same set of cultural traits (Kroeber)

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Julian Steward

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founded the method of cultural eco thru work w/ the Shoshoni

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cultural eco

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study of the ways in which cultures adapt to specific habitats

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culture core

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aspects of culture most strongly influenced by enviro

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cultural materialism

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emphasizes technological variables in the analysis of culture (Marvin Harris)

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ethnotaxonomy

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the study of traditional systems of classification through linguistic categories

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Harold Conklin

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plant classification in the Philippines; *1st demonstrated that knowledge is hierarchically arranged *discovered how relationships b/w groups of plants are reflected in nomenclature *identified which features are used to distinguish b/w groups of plants

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Frederik Barth

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examined eco relationship b/w diff ethnic groups; ethnic identity is linked to eco niches and adaptation to resources; people can and do adapt to resources that they find suitable, edible, and usable

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aggression and subsistence model

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(edgerton 1972); compared farmers vs. heerdsmen in E Africa; found striking differences in personality and patterns of aggression.... i.e. farmers' secrecy and caution vs. herders openness and disdain for authority

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diet, physiology, and aggression model

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(Bolton 1972) studied Aymara people of High Andes; obtained "hostility ratings" for male villagers; tested blood sugar levels of most hostile subjects; found correlation b/w moderate hypoglycemia and aggression

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climate, heat, stress and aggression

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(Robbins 1972) warmer climates; homicide rates are significantly higher-->heat stress; parents show greater indulgence of aggression in child rearing; local myths emphasize humans as agents of aggression

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cultural domain analysis

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investigating the content and organization of cultural knowledge

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free listing

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asking informants to list as many kinds of a thing as they can i.e. medicines, musical instruments, etc

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frame substitution

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using frames (sentences with blanks) and a list of items to generate true/false statements *informants are asked if the sibstitution of each items results in a true/false statement

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multidimensional scaling

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representation of inter-item similarity in two-dimensional space

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correspondence analysis

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a technique to determine which themes correspond with specific subgroups of respondents

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lexical semantics

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study of the structure and meaning of linguistic categories

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3 basic assumptions of lexical semantics

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1. lexical domains have clear boundaries 2. LDs are defined by features; semantic features: clear, identifiable attributes of a given items (and binary features) 3. all members of a category have equal status (i.e. sparrow and ostrich are equally birds)

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componential analysis

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the use of binary features to distinguish between words in a domain

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kincentric eco

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views humans and nonhumans as an "extended family" with shared ancestral origins

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behavioral eco

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studies human adaptative behavior from evolutionary perspectives

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political eco

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examines enviro issues from social, econ, and political perspectives

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empiricism and humanism - 50s-70s

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early eco anth'ists examined cultural models and "emic" cognitive frameworks thru subsistence behaviors, plant and animal knowledge, and social role enactment i.e. Conklin, Steward

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emerging methods of the 60s

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sampling strategies (random, stratified, etc), participant observation, naturalistic observation, elicitation of floral/faunal inventories, collecting life histories and geneaologies, documenting land-use patterns and subsistence behaviors/technologies, time-allocation analysis, parental investment studies

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structuralism

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emphasizing dualities in human thought, religious belief, ritual, social organization

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acculturation

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process of cultural exchange

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action anthropology

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developed at UChicago by Sol Tax; examines emergent social problems and instutional roles in community conflict resolution; emphasizes human agency, advocacy, and now biodiversity and especially agro-diversity

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environmental remediation

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systematic removal of toxins, sediments, and contanimants from soils, surface, and groundwater

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memory banking

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folkloristic approach to oral history archiving, audio/visual documentation

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agricultural spiritualism

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food production seen as logical extension of existing human-eco relations

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angiosperms

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more evolutionarily advanced; flowering members of plant kingdom

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gymnosperms

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evergreens; cone-bearing members of the plant kingdom...very ancient

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parietal art

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cave art

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paleopathology

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seeks to assess ecological processes involved in human diseases... causation, transmission, and distribution over time

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pathogens

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foreign life form capable of stimulating disease

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nutrients

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chemicals srequired for life (about 50 vitamins and amino acids, plus 25 key mineral salts)

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macronutrients

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chemical compounds consumed for energy (proteins, carbs, fats)

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zoonosis

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diseases caused by pathogens of animal origin (i.e. rabies, anthrax, yellow fever, malaria)

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epidemiology

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studies the bio-geo distr. and transmissions patterns of diseases

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etiology

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study of causes and origins of human disease

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dietary ecology

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study of nutrient systems and their relations with human and enviro health

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landscapes

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complex physiographic and ecological features that interpenetrate in geographic regions; **they are malleable and in flux.... provide dynamic backdrop upon which human life experiences and cultural knowledge systems are layered

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environmental remediation

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the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, surface water for general protection of human health and the enviro

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domestication

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genetic changes that plants undergo in response to cultivation

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ag diets less healthy, less varied; rise of the state- social inequality, warfare, crime, slavery

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disadvtgs of ag

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1. food surpluses - allows for advanced civilizations 2. stable food - higher pops and fertility

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advtgs of ag

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ecological salience

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presence of distinctive growth features in the plant kingdom; abundance (rarity), morphological uniqueness, seasonal availability, escaping herbivory; serving as food for animals

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cultivation continuum

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(non)industrial societies do not always fit cleanly into the the types of subsistence economies described

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agrodiversity

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the many ways in
which farmers use the natural diversity of the environment for production, not only including their choice
of crops but also their management of land, water and biota as a whole