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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A disease that affects the myocardium, resulting in enlargement and/or ventricular dysfunction
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Cardiomyopathy (CM)
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What is the most common cardiomyopathy?
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Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
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Signs/Symptoms:
- heart failure (dyspnea, pulmonary edema) - low cardiac output (tachy, fatigue, weakness, hypotension) - dysrhythmias (palps, syncope) - regurgitant valves (murmurs, hemoptysis, low cardiac output) - ischemia (chest pain) - thrombus - infective endocarditis (rare) |
DCM
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These 2D findings are indicative of what?
- thin walls - decreased sys/dia function - increased LV volume & mass - possible pericardial effusion - possible smoke & thrombus |
DCM
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These M-Mode findings are indicative of what?
- thin walls - decreased function - increased chamber size - increased EPSS (> 0.7 cm) - decreased D-E excursion - decreased MV excursion (double-diamond MV) - B bump - decreased AO Root excursion - possible PHTN (flying W, no A) |
DCM
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This condition is known for thickened, hyperdynamic, and non-dilated left ventricle
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Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
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This condition is known for thickened, hyperdynamic, and non-dilated left ventricle associated with a LVOT obstruction
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Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
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Signs and symptoms:
- dyspnea on exertion - orthopnea (supine SOB) - paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea - chest pain - dysrhythmias/palps - fatigue - syncope - pulmonary edema |
HCM / HOCM
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Complications:
- endocarditis - embolus (due to LA thrombus) - heart failure - sudden death |
HCM / HOCM
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What is the leading cause of sudden death in people < 30 years old?
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HOCM
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Will patients with non-obstructive HCM always present with symptoms?
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No, can be asymptomatic
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This condition is known for thickened, hyperdynamic, and non-dilated left ventricle associated with a LVOT obstruction which is obvious only when provoked with exercise, drugs, and/or valsalva maneuver
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Provocable HOCM
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The following are alternate names for what condition?
- Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis (IHSS) - Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy (ASH) - Muscular Subaortic Stenosis (MSS) - Apical Asymmetric Hypertrophy (AAH) |
HCM
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The following 2D findings are indicative of what?
- bright myocardium - thickened walls - small LV - hyperkinetic LVF - SAM - possible MVP - MV thickening - MAC - LAE - LVOT obstruction |
HOCM
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The following 2D findings are indicative of what?
- probable MR - LAE - brightened myocardium - small LV - hyperdynamic LV |
HCM
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During systole, MV leaflets are pulled into a narrowed LVOT contributing to obstruction and turbulance. What is this called?
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Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM)
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What two things may result from MV leaflets repeatedly striking the IVS?
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1. MV thickening
2. IVS scarring |
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In MV m-mode, what would an upright arch during systole represent?
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Systolic Anterior Motion (SAM)
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In MV m-mode, what would a B bump represent?
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Elevated LV End-Diastolic Pressure (LVEDP)
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What could be the cause of AOV notching (partial mid-systolic closure)?
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Sudden decrease in cardiac output
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If a LVOT obstruction is present, we use doppler to obtain what?
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Peak Velocity
Pressure Gradiant |
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When should we switch from PW to CW doppler?
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When velocity > 2 m/sec
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An obstructed LVOT has what kind of doppler waveform in systole?
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Dagger shape (upside down & flipped L, with concave motion)
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MR in the LVOT has what kind of doppler waveforem in systole?
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U shape
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This condition involves the infiltration of the myocardium resulting in stiff, rigid ventricular walls that impede diastolic filling and biatrial enlargement
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
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What does RCM typically result in?
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Heart Failure
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Signs/Symptoms:
- fatigue - poor exercise tolerance - lower extremity swelling - cough - SOB (esp at night, supine, or with exercise) |
RCM
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These 2D findings may be indicative of what?
- LVH, RVH - biatrial enlargement - ground-glass myocardial appearance - small-normal LV size - decreased-normal LVF - regurgitant valves - possible pericardial effusion - scarred endocardium and/or valves (echogenic) |
RCM
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For RCM, use M-Mode to evaluate for what?
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1. Evaluate Hypertrophy
2. Evaluate Function 3. Evaluate Chamber Size |
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These doppler findings may be indicative of what?
- overall regurgitant valves |
RCM
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For all suspected cases of cardiomyopathies, use doppler to evaluate what?
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1. Evaluate Regurgitation
2. Evaluate Diastolic Function |
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The following M-Mode findings are indicative of what?
- small LV - hyperkinetic wall motion - abnormal wall thickness - SAM - possible MVP - MV thickening - LVOT obstruction - decreased EPSS - B bump - Aortic notching - LAE |
HCM / HOCM
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Complications:
- heart failure - decreased cardiac output - dysrhythmias - regurgitant valves - ischemia - thrombus - infective endocarditis |
DCM
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What is the least common cardiomyopathy?
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RCM
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