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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(LVIDd)3 - (LVIDs)3 ÷ (LVIDd)3 x 100 is the calculation for... |
Ejection Fraction |
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Normal % for Ejection Fraction is... |
55 - 75% |
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IVSs-IVSd ÷ IVSd x 100 is the calculation for... |
Percent Systolic Thickening |
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Normal Percent Systolic Thickening is... |
>33% |
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LVIDd - LVIDs ÷ LVIDd x 100 is the calculation for... |
Fractional Shortening |
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Normal % Fractional Shortening is... |
25 - 45% |
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______ has the highest temporal resolution of all display modes. |
M-Mode |
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M- Mode is performed to... |
Measure structures Time events with the cardiac cycle |
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The x- axis of M-Mode measures... |
Time |
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The y-axis of M-Mode measures... |
Distance |
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Which speed is used to measure anatomy... |
50 mm/sec |
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Left Atrium Measurments... |
2.2 - 4.0 cm (3.9 ULN) |
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Aorta Measurments... |
2.1 - 3.7 cm (3.6 ULN) |
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RV free wall measurement... |
< 0.5cm |
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RVIDd measurment... |
< 2.7 cm |
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IVSd and PWd measurement... |
0.6 - 1.1 cm |
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LVIDd and LVIDs measurements... |
3.6 - 5.6 cm & 2.0 - 4.0 cm |
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RA & LA measurements.... |
<20 cm2 = normal 20 - 30 = mild LAE 30 - 40 = Moderate LAE > 40 = sever LAE |
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IVC measurement... |
1.2 - 2.1 cm |
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New systolic murmur, hypotension, tachycardia, acute septal MI... |
Acute VSD |
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New systolic murmur, hypotension, tachycardia, acute inferior MI, dilated RV- worsen with Lasix |
RV Infarction |
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Inflammation, fever, chest pain, and friction rub... |
Post MI Pericarditis |
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The number of contractions of the heart in one minute... |
Heart Rate |
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Normal cardiac output is _______ liters. |
3 - 7 |
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Increased preload _______ stroke volume. |
Increases |
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Increased afterload ______ stroke volume. |
Decreases |
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A lack of blood to the myocardium is called... |
Ischmia |
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Two normal systolic functions of the heart are... |
Thickening walls, and a decrease in ventricular size. |
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Minor determinants of myocardial oxygen requirements are; Maintaining cellular activity, Na+/ K+ ATPase pump, and ??? |
Electrical depolarization |
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When supine the venous pressure in the RA is.. |
0 mmHg |
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All but one of these drains directly into the RA...
A: Thebesian Vein B: Coronary Sinus C: Great Cardiac Vein D: Anterior RV Vein |
C |
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the RCA branches into the PDA ______ % of the time... |
85 |
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LAD feeds all walls except:
A: Posterior B: Apical C: Anterior D: Septal |
A |
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Left Main Coronary bifurcates into the... |
LAD and LCx |
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Systemic Venous Circulation's main purposes are... |
To return deoxygenated blood back to the heart and act a storage location until blood is needed. |
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The Vasomotor Center is responsible for:
A: Accelerating the heart rate B: Contoling blood vessel diameter C: Releasing epinephrine D: Decreasing heart rate |
B |
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All is true for Arterioles except:
A: most resistance B: control blood flow two organs C: can change diameter D: are the smallest vessels |
D |
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Exercise increases venoconstriction in order to increase ______. |
Preload |
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What order do the valves open and close at the end of systole... |
Close: 1st- AV 2nd- PV
Open: 1st: TV 2nd: MV |
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Atria are acting like a conduit during... |
Passive/Rapid Filling |
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All valves closed, no blood flowing, atrial pressures rising, and ventricular pressure is dropping... |
Isometric Relaxation |
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All valves closed, no blood flowing, atrial pressure is dropping and ventricular pressures are rising... |
Isometric Contraction |
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End Systolic volume = about ______ml |
60 |
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End Diastolic volume = about ______ ml |
130 |
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Determine the type of heart rate |
120 bpm = Tachycardia |
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Determine the type of heart rate |
40 bpm = Bradycardia |
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One large box on EKG paper = |
0.2 sec |
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Ventricular Repolarization is what part of the wave... |
the end of the T-Wave |
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Ventricular Depolarization is what part of the wave... |
The end of the R-Wave |
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What is acting as the pacemaker of the heart if its beating 20- 40 bpm? |
Pukinjie Fibers |
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What is acting as the pacemaker of the heart if its beating 60- 100 bpm? |
SA Node |
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What is acting as the pacemaker of the heart if its beating 40-60 bpm? |
AV Node |
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True or False:
After the Bundle of His the action potential travels through the Intra-atrial Tracts. |
False |
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True or False:
The Vagus nerves act as the breaks and can slow the heart down. |
True |
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Muscle contraction occurs when _____ filaments slide over _____ filaments. |
Actin, Myosin |
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_______ are the thick filaments and ______ are the thin filaments. |
Myosin, Actin |
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A reservoir of cytoplasm and calcium... |
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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Responsible for generation of ATP... |
Mitochondria |
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What is C ? |
H-Zone |
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What is E? |
Z-Line |
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What is B? |
A-Band |
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What is A? |
I-Band |
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What is D? |
M-Line |
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Where can a AV murmur be heard... |
2nd/3rd intercostal space Right Upper Sternal Boarder |
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Where can a MV Murmur be heard.... |
At the PMI, Left Mid Clavicular Line at the 5th Intercostal space. |
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Where can a PV murmur be heard... |
Left Upper Sternal Boarder 2nd/3rd intercostal space. |
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Where can a TV murmur be heard... |
Left Lower sternal Boarder close to the xiphoid process. |
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The speed aliasing occurs... |
Nyquist Limit |
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Packet size, color box, and line density affect ________.
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Frame Rate |
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Assess direction, timing and relative velocity of blood flow. |
Color Doppler |
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Relates flow disturbance to a change in direction of flow, blood thickness, or narrowing of the vessel. |
Reynolds |
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Relates flow volume to the amount of resistance caused by tube length, diameter, and viscosity of liquid. |
Poiseuille |
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Relates velocity and pressure to a narrowing in diameter. |
Bernoulli |
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Factor that causes abnormal pressure gradients |
stenosed valves or arteries. |
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the amount of blood ejected with each heart beat. |
Stroke Volume |
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the change in force exerted by blood on the vessels during the cardiac cycle. |
Blood Pressure |
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Less RBC, Less Viscosity, Blood flows easier... |
Anemia |
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Overproduction of RBC resulting in a resistance of flow... |
Polycythemia Vera |
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Cells make up ____ % of the blood, and ______% is plasma. |
40-45 55-60 |
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There are ____ platelets per cc. |
150,000 - 300,000 |
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There are _____ WBC per cc. |
5,000 - 10,000 |
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There are ____ RBC per cc. |
4.5 - 6 million |
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% of Lymphocytes and function... |
20 - 25% produce antibodies to help with immune functions. |
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% of Neutrophils and function... |
60 - 70% Contain chemicals that kill bacteria. |
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% Eosinophils and function.... |
1 - 4% Increase to fight off allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections. |
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Name the TV Leaflets seen.... |
Anterior and Septal
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What is the proper positioning for an Aortic Level PSAX? |
Left upper sternal boarder, 3rd intercostal space, index marker to patients left shoulder |
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#3 is.... |
Right Coronary Cusp |
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#2 is.... |
Non Coronary Cusp |
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#1 is..... |
Left Coronary Cusp |
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What are the cusps of the Pulmonary Valve seen in the LV tilt? |
Left and Right |
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What are the leaflets seen in the RV tilt? |
Posterior and Anterior |
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What are the Aortic cusps seen in the PLAX? |
Right Coronary and Non Coronary |
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Which branch of the Aortic arch is most lateral? |
Left Subclavian |
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Which Branch of the Aortic arch is most medial? |
Brachiocephalic/ Innominate |
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The Coronary sinus sits in the ... |
A-V Sulcus or A-V Groove |
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The __________ is the most superficial valve. |
Pulmonic Valve |
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The Right ventricle is distinguished by its trabeculations and .... |
Moderator Band |
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The Sinus Venosus can leave a remnant in the RA called... |
Chiari Network |
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The Eustachian Valve covers the .... |
IVC |
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how much Fluid does the pericardium hold? |
25 - 35 ml |
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The resting potential of cardiac muscle fibers before and action potential is _____ mV. |
-90 |
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After an action potential, cardiac muscle fibers voltage changes to ______mV. |
+30 |
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Name the Action Potential Phase:
Na+ rapidly flows into myocyte |
Phase 1 |
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Name the Action Potential Phase:
Ca++ slowly moves into the cell and initiates Depolarization. |
Phase 2 |
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Name the Action Potential Phase:
K+flows out and cardiac muscles begin Repolarization. |
Phase 3 |
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Name the Action Potential Phase:
Na+ moves out and K+ moves in to the myocyte. |
Phase 4 |
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What is the sequence in which the conduction system travels through the heart...
Hint: Sally Imagines Beautiful Angels Beside Lonely Patients! |
S A» I nter-nodal Tract» B achman's Bundle» A -V Node» B undle of His» L eft and Right Bundle Branches» P urkinjie Fibers |
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A congenital heart defect which starts as a left to right shunt and causes pressures to rise on the right due to pulmonary overload, and reverses it to a right to left shunt. |
Eisenmenger's Syndrome |
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the part of the aorta between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta. |
Isthmus |
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During what stage are the atria acting as a pump... |
Slow Filling |
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Atria are acting as a reservoir... |
Rapid Ejection |
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What % of blood fills the ventricle during Rapid/passive filling? |
70 - 80 |
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What % of blood fills the ventricle during Slow Filling? |
20 - 30 |
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Electrical action potential always occurs _______, then a pressure change results. |
First |
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What causes the first sound or the "Lubb"... |
Closure of the Mitral and Tricuspid valves. |
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What causes the second sound or the "Dubb"... |
Closure of the Aortic and Pulmonic Valves |
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used to bypass vessels. |
Metarterioles |
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Baroreceptors function... |
Neurons that active to appropriate nervous system to slow or raise blood pressures. |
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Chemoreceptors function... |
Neuron that sense and monitor pH, O2, and CO2 levels. (Chemicals) |
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Epinephrine/Norepinephrine secreted by the Medulla Oblongata does what? |
Increases Heart Rate. |
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the ability of coronary arteries to maintain a constant perfusion pressure by dilating. |
Autoregulation |
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LAD feeds... |
Anterior, Septal, Apical walls |
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Circumflex feeds... |
Lateral and Posterior walls |
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A Coronary spasm is also known as... |
Prinzmetal |
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Post M.I. Pericarditis is also known as... |
Dressler's Syndrome |
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RV infarctions should be treated with... |
IV fluids not veso diltation. |
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Cascade of Ischemia...
Hint: DIE SHEEP |
D iastolic Dysfunction I mpaired Relaxation E nd-Diastolic Pressure Increase S ystolic Dysfunction H ypokinetic E jection Fraction Decrease E KG ST segment change P ain/Symptoms |
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LV is raced at the R-wave in what view and gives what measurement? |
4 chamber - EDV |
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LV is traced at the T-wave in what view and gives what measurement? |
4 chamber- ESV |
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What is the LV mass Normals for Men and Women? |
Male Female Grams= 148 ± 26 108 ± 21 Index= 76 ± 13 66 ± 11 |
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Aortic measurements are taken in 2D when... |
At R-wave once the valve "pops" open. |
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Left Atrium is measured in 2D when? |
At the end of the T-wave |
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The E-wave of the mitral valve represents... |
Early filling |
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The A-wave of the mitral valve represents... |
Atrial Contraction |
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IVC Measurements are taken when and where... |
At the R-wave just left of the hepatic vein. |
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What is TAPSE... |
Measurement of how much the TV annulus moves in systole from a4 chamber view. Normal= 2cm
Tricuspid Annular Planar Systolic Excursion |
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What are the layers of the pericardium... |
Parietal (outer) and Visveral (inner) |
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Which papillary muscle can be seen from PLAX... |
Posteromedial |
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The PA and Aorta are ___ to each other. |
Perpendicular |
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The anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets have three folds known as the ... |
Scallops |
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Arantius Nodules are... |
Small, fiberous nodules at the center of each arotic cusp that help support the cusps. |
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The Coronary arteries fill primarily during what cardiac phase? |
Diastole |
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The LAD feeds what SEGMENTS of the heart... |
1 2 7 8 13 14 17
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The LCX feeds what SEGMENTS of the heart... |
5 6 11 12 16 |
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The RCA feeds what SEGMENTS of the heart... |
3 4 9 10 15 |
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The building blocks for proteins are... |
Amino Acids |
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______ is used to help make hormones . |
Cholesterol |
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BUN is what... |
Blood Urea Nitrogen, a waste product created from the protein metabolism. |
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Systolic pressure should be around.... |
120 mmHg |
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Diastole Pressure should be around.... |
80 mmHg |
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Complications Following MI....
Hint: CRAP MAPP |
C ardiac Rupture R V Infarction A cute VSD P ost MI Pericarditis
M ural thrombus A neurysm P seudoaneurysm P apillary Muscle Dusfunction
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9 factors that affect Pulse pressure...
hint: PASS GRACE |
P reload A fterload S troke Volume S peed of ejection
G ravity R est vs Exercise A rterial Distensability C ontrols E nergy Gradients |
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Doppler generates... |
lots of energy, Intensity, and HEAT. |
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Autocorrelation... |
Allows rapid display of the returning signal. |
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Doppler shows... |
Mean Velocity Flow Direction Energy Variance (spread of samples) |
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Optimum number for Nyquist Limit is around... |
60 |
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True or False:
Pulmonary regurgitation is a relatively normal and frequent finding. |
True |
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Intercalated disks contains what structures? |
Gap Junctions and Desmosomes |
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what is the cement that holds the cell together? |
Desmosomes |
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The plasma membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm. |
Sarcolemma |
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what are the two proteins that make up the thin filament. |
Tropomysin and Troponin |
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______ is the cardiac myocytes ability to contract rhythmicall on their own. |
Automaticity |
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Hypoxia is... |
low 02 resulting in constriction of arterioles that affects the pulmonary circulation. |
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Lower pH or acidosis can result in... |
Constriction of the arterioles. |
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Renein is secreted by the kidnesy and acts on Angiotensin II to _______ b/p. |
Increase |
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The RCA is located... |
Anterior surface of the heart positioned at the right coronary cusp. |
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The Tiny venous outlets the drain the myocardium directly into the RA. |
Thebesian Veins |
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How does inspiration affect the venous flow to the RA and RV? |
increases due to intrathoracic pressure dropping |
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How does expiration affect the venous flow to the below the diaphram? |
Increases due to a sudden decrease in intra-abdominal pressures. |
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Major determinates of myocardial oxygen requirements are... |
Ventricular wall tension Contractility Stress Hormones Drugs Heart rate (short filling time)
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Normal stroke volume is... |
about 70 cc/ beat at rest |
