Ece A&p

Front 1

An adult human body consists of about how many cells?

Back 1

70 trillion

Front 2

How many different varieties of cells are there?

Back 2

At least 260

Front 3

Cells are measured in units called

Back 3

Micrometers

Front 4

A micrometer equals

Back 4

One thousandth of a millimeter

Front 5

A human egg cell is about how many micrometers in diameter?

Back 5

140 micrometers

Front 6

A red blood cell is about how many micrometers in diameter?

Back 6

7.5 micrometers

Front 7

Why is it impossible to describe a typical cell?

Back 7

Because sells vary greatly in size shape content and function

Front 8

A composite cell includes?

Back 8

Many known cell structures

Front 9

What are the 3 major part of the cell?

Back 9

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

Front 10

What encloses the nucleus?

Back 10

A nuclear envelope

Front 11

The nucleus contains?

Back 11

DNA

Front 12

Cytoplasm is composed of what?

Back 12

Specialized structures called cytoplasmic organelles that are suspended in a liquid called cytosol

Front 13

The cytoplasm surrounds what? And is contained by what?

Back 13

Nucleus, cell membrane

Front 14

The cell membrane controls what?

Back 14

Entrance and exit of substances

Front 15

Selectively permeable

Back 15

Cell membrane is called selectively permeable because it allows the entry and exit of only certain substances

Front 16

Signal transduction

Back 16

The process in which a cell receives and responds to incoming messages

Front 17

The cell membrane is mainly composed of what?

Back 17

Lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates

Front 18

The cell membrane has a double layer of what?

Back 18

Phospholipids

Front 19

The surfaces of the cell membrane are formed by what?

Back 19

Phosphate groups of phospholipid molecules

Front 20

The interior of the cell membrane is formed by what?

Back 20

The fatty acids of phospholipid molecules

Front 21

The phospholipid bilateral is permeable to what?

Back 21

Lipid-soluable substances such as lipids, steroid hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 22

Phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to ?

Back 22

Water-soluble substances such as proteins, sugars, nucleic acids, amino acids, and various ions

Front 23

What helps to stabilize cell membranes?

Back 23

Cholesterol molecules

Front 24

What are the five types of membrane proteins?

Back 24

Receptor, integral, enzymes, cellular adhesion, cell surface

Front 25

Receptor proteins

Back 25

Function to receive and transmitmessages into a cell

Front 26

Integral proteins

Back 26

Function to form pores,channels, and carriers in cell membranes

Front 27

Enzymes of the membrane

Back 27

Function in signal transduction

Front 28

Cellular adhesion molecules

Back 28

Function to enable cells to touch or bind

Front 29

Cell surface proteins

Back 29

Function to establish other cell surfaces as "self" or "nonself/foreign"

Front 30

Intercellular junctions

Back 30

Connect cell membranes

Front 31

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

Back 31

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Front 32

Tight junctions

Back 32

Located in cells that form sheet like layers and function to close spaces between cells

Front 33

Desmosomes

Back 33

Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural unit

Front 34

Gap junctions

Back 34

Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of the digestive tract. Function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other small molecules to move between them.

Front 35

Two examples of CAM cellular adhesion molecules

Back 35

Selectin and integrin

Front 36

Selectin

Back 36

Functions to coat white blood cells so that they can slow down in the turbulence of the bloodstream

Front 37

Integrin

Back 37

Functions to anchor white blood cells to an injured blood vessel wall

Front 38

Cytoskeleton

Back 38

Protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework within a cell

Front 39

Ribosomes

Back 39

Composed of RNA and protein, are the sites of protein synthesis

Front 40

How do ribosomes differ from most other organelles?

Back 40

Ribosomes are not composed of our contained in membranes

Front 41

Two places ribosomes are found?

Back 41

Endoplasmic reticulum and free floating in the cytoplasm

Front 42

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 42

A complex of connected membrane bound sacs, canals and vesicles

Front 43

Function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 43

To transport materials within a cell, to provide attachments sites for ribosomes and to synthesize lipids and proteins

Front 44

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with what?

Back 44

Ribosomes

Front 45

Proteins move from endoplasmic reticulum to what?

Back 45

Golgi apparatus

Front 46

Endoplasmic reticulum which lacks ribosomes is called what?

Back 46

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Front 47

SER contains enzymes that are used for what?

Back 47

Lipid synthesis, fast absorption, and the breakdown of drugs

Front 48

Structure of Golgi apparatus

Back 48

Group of flattened membranous sacs

Front 49

Function of Golgi apparatus

Back 49

To package and modify proteins for transport and secretion

Front 50

Vesicle trafficking

Back 50

Movement of substances within cells by way of vesicles

Front 51

Vesicle structure

Back 51

Membranous sacs formed by the pinching off of the cell membrane

Front 52

Function of vesicles

Back 52

Store and transport substances within a cell

Front 53

Structure of mitochondria

Back 53

Membranous sacs with inner partitions

Front 54

Two layers of mitochondria

Back 54

Outer membrane and inner membrane

Front 55

Cristae

Back 55

Shelf like partitions of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

Front 56

Function of mitochondria

Back 56

Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable forms

Front 57

Function of lysosomes

Back 57

Digest worn out cellular parts or foreign substances that enter cells

Front 58

Lysosomes contain

Back 58

Digestive enzymes

Front 59

Peroxisomes contain what?

Back 59

Enzymes called peroxidases

Front 60

Peroxisomes are most abundant in the cells of which organs?

Back 60

Liver and kidneys

Front 61

Function of the enzymes of peroxisomes?

Back 61

Breakdown many important organic molecules

Front 62

Structure of a centrosome?

Back 62

A non membranous structure composed of two rod-like centrioles

Front 63

The centrosome is usually located near what?

Back 63

The nucleus

Front 64

Function of centrosomes

Back 64

To distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division and to initiate formation of cilia

Front 65

Structure of cilium

Back 65

A motile projection that is attached to basal body beneath the cell membrane

Front 66

Function of cilia

Back 66

Propel fluid over a cellular surface

Front 67

structure of the flagellum

Back 67

Motile projection that is attached to the basal body beneath the cell membrane

Front 68

Function of flagella

Back 68

To enable sperm cells to move

Front 69

Microfilaments

Back 69

Tiny rods of the protein actin that typically form meshwork or bundles and cause various kinds of cellular movement

Front 70

Microtubules structure

Back 70

Long slender tube with diameters larger than those of microfilaments

Front 71

Three functions of microtubules

Back 71

Maintain the shape of a cell, provide movement in cilia and flagella

Front 72

Inclusions

Back 72

Chemicals in the cytoplasm that are not part of an organelle

Front 73

Chromosomes

Back 73

Extremely long molecules that contain DNA and proteins

Front 74

Nuclear pores

Back 74

Round openings in a nuclear envelope

Front 75

Messenger RNA and various other substances move through what?

Back 75

Nuclear pores

Front 76

Fluid inside the nucleus?

Back 76

Nucleoplasm

Front 77

Two structures found in nucleoplasm

Back 77

Nucleolus and chromatin

Front 78

Nucleolus is composed of what?

Back 78

RNA and protein

Front 79

Ribosomes production occurs where?

Back 79

Nucleolus

Front 80

Chromatin is what?

Back 80

DNA and proteins called histones

Front 81

Four types of physical processes?

Back 81

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and filtration

Front 82

Three types of physiological mechanisms

Back 82

Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

Front 83

Diffusion

Back 83

The tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Front 84

Concentration gradient

Back 84

The difference in concentrations

Front 85

Diffusional equilibrium

Back 85

The condition of having a uniform concentration of substances through out a solution

Front 86

Substances diffuse up or down a concentration gradient?

Back 86

Down

Front 87

Two conditions that allow a substance to diffuse across a membrane are?

Back 87

The permeability of the cell membrane to a substance and the existence of a concentration gradient across the membrane

Front 88

In body cells, oxygen usually diffuses _____ a body cell and carbon dioxide diffuses ______ a body cell

Back 88

Into, out of

Front 89

A physiological steady state is?

Back 89

Where concentrations of diffusing substances are unequal but stable

Front 90

5 substances that cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion are?

Back 90

Lipid soluble substances, oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, and general anesthetics

Front 91

The three most important factors that influence diffusion rates are?

Back 91

Distance, concentration gradient, and temperature

Front 92

In general, diffusion is more rapid?

Back 92

Over shorter distances, larger concentration gradients, and at higher temperatures

Front 93

Facilitated diffusion requires?

Back 93

Protein channels or protein carriers

Front 94

Substances that move across the cell membrane through facilitated diffusion include?

Back 94

Ions like sodium and potassium; as well as water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids

Front 95

What hormone promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose?

Back 95

Insulin

Front 96

Osmosis

Back 96

The diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to the region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 97

Osmotic pressure

Back 97

The ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

Front 98

Water are always tends to diffuse toward?

Back 98

Solutions of greater osmotic pressure

Front 99

Isotonic solutions are?

Back 99

Solutions with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Front 100

Hypertonic solutions are?

Back 100

Solutions with a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids

Front 101

Hypotonic solutions are?

Back 101

Solutions with a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids

Front 102

What happens to cells in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions?

Back 102

Cells shrink in hypertonic solutions and cells swell in hypotonic solutions

Front 103

Filtration

Back 103

The process of forcing molecules through a membrane

Front 104

Filtration is commonly used to?

Back 104

Separate solids from water

Front 105

In the body the force of filtration is produced by what?

Back 105

Blood pressure

Front 106

Active transport

Back 106

Movement against a concentration gradient

Front 107

Similar to facilitated diffusion active transport requires what?

Back 107

Protein channels or protein carriers

Front 108

Substances that move across the cell membrane through active transport are?

Back 108

Sugars, amino acids, and I on such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen and calcium

Front 109

Unlike filtration active transport also requires?

Back 109

Cellular energy

Front 110

Endocytosis

Back 110

The process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance

Front 111

Three forms of endocytosis are?

Back 111

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 112

Pinocytosis

Back 112

Endocytosis of tiny droplets of liquid

Front 113

Phagocytosis

Back 113

Endocytosis of solids

Front 114

Phagocytes

Back 114

Cells that can take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris

Front 115

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 115

Moves very specific kinds of particles into the cell

Front 116

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, a substance must?

Back 116

Bind to a receptor before it can enter

Front 117

A ligand

Back 117

The molecule that binds specifically to receptors

Front 118

Example of a molecule that moves into a cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis is?

Back 118

Cholesterol

Front 119

Exocytosis

Back 119

The reverse of endocytosis.

Front 120

Cells secrete what through exocytosis?

Back 120

Proteins

Front 121

Nerve cells secrete what through exocytosis?

Back 121

Neurotransmitters

Front 122

Transcytosis

Back 122

Moves substances from one end of a cell to the other end of a cell

Front 123

A virus that uses transcytosis to infect humans is?

Back 123

HIV

Front 124

The cell cycle is?

Back 124

The series of changes a cell undergoes, from the time it for me until the time it divides

Front 125

Daughter cells are?

Back 125

Two cells that are products of cell division

Front 126

The four stages of the cell cycle are?

Back 126

Interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and differentiation

Front 127

Interphase

Back 127

During interphase, a cell grows and maintains its routine functions as well as its contributions to the internal environment. DNA also replicates during interphase

Front 128

The phases of interphase are?

Back 128

Two G phases and one S phase

Front 129

During the S phase

Back 129

The cell is replicating its DNA

Front 130

During the G phases

Back 130

The cell is growing and synthesizing structures other than DNA

Front 131

Mitosis

Back 131

A form of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and produces two daughter cells from an original

Front 132

In mitosis, the resulting daughter cells are genetically?

Back 132

Identical

Front 133

At the end of mitosis, each resulting daughter cell has how many chromosomes?

Back 133

46

Front 134

Meiosis

Back 134

A form of cell division that occurs only in sex cells

Front 135

Karykenesis

Back 135

The division of nuclear material

Front 136

Cytokinesis

Back 136

The division of cytoplasm

Front 137

Four stages of mitosis

Back 137

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Front 138

Describe prophase

Back 138

In prophase, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope disappears. Microtubules form the spindle apparatus. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

Front 139

Centromeres

Back 139

Attachment sites of chromatids

Front 140

Describe metaphase

Back 140

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. The chromosomes align midway between centrioles

Front 141

Describe anaphase

Back 141

The centromeres of the chromatids separate. Chromosomes move toward centrioles.

Front 142

Describe telophase

Back 142

Telophase begins when the chromosomes complete their migration towards the centrioles. And nuclear envelope reforms. Chromosomes begin to elongate to form chromatin threads

Front 143

Cytoplasmic division begins and ends in which phases?

Back 143

Begins in anaphase and ends in telophase

Front 144

What are responsible for pinching the cytoplasm in half?

Back 144

Contractile rings

Front 145

Resulting daughter cells of mitosis have identical chromosomes but may vary in?

Back 145

Size and number of organelles and inclusions

Front 146

Three cell types that divide continually are?

Back 146

Skin cells, blood forming cells, and cells that line the intestines

Front 147

Neurons divide

Back 147

A specific number of times and then cease

Front 148

In laboratory conditions, cells divide how many times?

Back 148

40-60

Front 149

Telomeres

Back 149

Tips of chromosomes that signal cells to stop dividing

Front 150

Two types of proteins that also control cell division?

Back 150

Kinases and cyclins

Front 151

When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to?

Back 151

Divide

Front 152

Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are?

Back 152

Hormones and growth factors

Front 153

Hormones

Back 153

Biochemicals manufactured in a gland and transported in the blood stream to a site where they exert an effect

Front 154

Growth factors

Back 154

Like hormones in function but act closer to their sites of synthesis

Front 155

Contact inhibition

Back 155

Prevents cell division

Front 156

Too frequent mitosis results in?

Back 156

Tumors

Front 157

A benign tumor

Back 157

One that remains in place, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue

Front 158

A malignant tumor

Back 158

Invasive and extends into surrounding tissues

Front 159

Two types of genes that cause cancer are?

Back 159

Encogenes and tumor suppressor genes

Front 160

Apoptosis

Back 160

Cell death

Front 161

Stem cells divide

Back 161

Mitotically to produce other two daughter cells like itself, or one daughter cell that is a stem cell and one that is partially specialized

Front 162

Progenitor cell

Back 162

Partially specialized cells that is intermediate between a stem cell and fully differentiated cells

Front 163

A neural stem cell gives rise to

Back 163

A cell that becomes part of neural tissue but not part of muscle or bone tissue

Front 164

Totipotent cell

Back 164

Can give rise to every cell type

Front 165

Pluripotent cell

Back 165

Cell that can follow any of several pathways in development but not all of them

Front 166

Cells specialize by

Back 166

Using some genes and ignoring others

Front 167

Metabolism

Back 167

The sum total of chemical reactions within cells

Front 168

In metabolic reactions, the product of one reaction serves as?

Back 168

Starting materials for another metabolic reaction

Front 169

Two types of metabolic reactions and pathways are?

Back 169

Anabolism and catabolism

Front 170

Anabolism

Back 170

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, and nap ilysm requires energy

Front 171

Catabolism

Back 171

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, catabolism releases energy

Front 172

Anabolism provides all the materials required for?

Back 172

Cellular growth and repair

Front 173

Dehydration synthesis joins what to form what?

Back 173

Dehydration synthesis joins many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen

Front 174

When monosaccharides are joined, they form what?

Back 174

The form glycogen and a hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide and a hydrogen atom from another monosaccharide are removed

Front 175

Glycerol and fatty acid molecules joined by what to form what?

Back 175

Joined by dehydration synthesis to form fat molecules

Front 176

Dehydration synthesis build proteins by joining what?

Back 176

Amino acids

Front 177

Peptide bond

Back 177

The type of bond that holds amino acids together

Front 178

Polypeptide

Back 178

A chain of amino acids

Front 179

Hydrolysis

Back 179

An example of catabolism, which can decompose carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. In hydrolysis, a water molecule is used to split substances

Front 180

Hydrolysis breaks down carbohydrates into what?

Back 180

Monosaccharides

Front 181

Hydrolysis breaks down fats into what?

Back 181

Glycerol and fatty acids

Front 182

Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into what?

Back 182

Amino acids

Front 183

Hydrolysis breaks down nucleic acids into what?

Back 183

Nucleotides

Front 184

Metabolic reactions require what before they can proceed?

Back 184

Energy

Front 185

What effect does heat have on metabolic reactions?

Back 185

Heat energy increases the rate at which molecules move and the frequency of molecular collisions

Front 186

Collisions of particles increase the likelihood of what?

Back 186

Interactions among the electrons of the molecules that can form new chemical bonds

Front 187

Most enzymes are globular proteins that promote specific chemical reactions in cells by doing what?

Back 187

Lowering the activation energy required to start these chemical reactions

Front 188

Enzymes are needed in very small quantities because?

Back 188

As they work, they are not consumed and can function repeatedly

Front 189

True or false

Each enzyme is specific, acting only on a particular molecule or substrate

Back 189

True

Front 190

Substrate

Back 190

A substance on which an enzyme acts

Front 191

Active site

Back 191

Regions of enzymes that bind specifically to substrates

Front 192

The interaction of the enzyme substrate complex causes chemical bonds to be strained in a substrate which makes one more likely to occur?

Back 192

A chemical reaction

Front 193

The speed of enzyme catalyzed reactions depends on what?

Back 193

The number of enzymes and substrate molecules

Front 194

Metabolic pathway

Back 194

Sequence of enzyme-controlled reaction

Front 195

Enzyme names are often derived from what?

Back 195

The names of their substrates with the suffix ase added

Front 196

The rate at which a metabolic pathway functions is often determined by what?

Back 196

A regulatory enzyme

Front 197

When the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme this is an example of what?

Back 197

Negative feedback

Front 198

Function and examples of cofactors

Back 198

Cofactor helps an active site obtain it's appropriate shape or Help bind the enzyme to its substrate. Examples of cofactors include copper, iron or zinc

Front 199

Function and examples of coenzyme

Back 199

Coenzymes are organic molecules that act as cofactors. Examples of coenzymes are vitamins.

Front 200

True or false

Vitamins are essential organic molecules that human cells cannot synthesize

Back 200

True

Front 201

Almost all enzymes are

Back 201

Proteins

Front 202

Five factors that can denature enzymes are?

Back 202

Heat, radiation, certain chemicals, electricity and changes in pH

Front 203

Energy

Back 203

The capacity to change something; it is the ability to do work

Front 204

6 forms of energy

Back 204

Heat, light, sound, electricity, mechanical energy, and chemical energy

Front 205

T/F

Energy can be changed from one form to another form

Back 205

True

Front 206

The three main parts of an ATP molecule?

Back 206

An adenine, a ribose and three phosphates in a chain

Front 207

The third phosphate of ATP is attached by what?

Back 207

High energy Bond

Front 208

When the terminal phosphate Bond and ATP is broken what happens?

Back 208

Energy is released

Front 209

Energy from the breakdown of ATP powers what?

Back 209

Cellular work such as skeletal muscle contraction, active transport across cell membranes and secretion

Front 210

ADP

Back 210

An ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes ADP. ADP has two phosphates

Front 211

Phosphorylation

Back 211

Process by which ATP can be resynthesized from an ADP

Front 212

T/F

Cells can survive quite a while without ATP

Back 212

F

Front 213

Most metabolic processes depend on

Back 213

Chemical energy stored in ATP

Front 214

Chemical energy is initially held in

Back 214

Chemical bonds that link atoms into molecules

Front 215

Chemical energy is released when

Back 215

Energy containing chemical bonds break

Front 216

Oxidation

Back 216

Process by which cells burn glucose

Front 217

Enzymes in cells initiate oxidation by

Back 217

Lowering the activation energy

Front 218

Cellular respiration

Back 218

Process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use

Front 219

Three series of reactions of cellular respiration are

Back 219

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Front 220

The products of cellular respiration are

Back 220

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

Front 221

In cellular respiration some energy is lost as heat but almost half is captured as what?

Back 221

ATP

Front 222

Aerobic reactions require?

Back 222

Oxygen

Front 223

Glycolysis

Back 223

A series of ten enzyme catalyzed reactions that break down the six carbon glucose molecule into three carbon pyruvic acid molecules

Front 224

Glycolysis occurs in the

Back 224

Cytoplasm

Front 225

Describe glycolysis

Back 225

In the first main event, glucose is phosphorylated by the addition of two phosphates this step requires ATP. The second main event, glucose is split into two three carbon molecules. Third, the electron carrier NADH is produced, ATP is synthesized and two pyruvic acid molecules result. NADH delivers high energy electrons to the electron transport chain where ATP is produced

Front 226

At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen acts as what?

Back 226

The final electron acceptor

Front 227

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid forms what which leads to what?

Back 227

Pyruvic acid forms lactic acid, the buildup of lactic acid inhibits glycolysis

Front 228

The reactions of the aerobic pathways are?

Back 228

Synthesis of acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

Front 229

3 products of the aerobic pathway are?

Back 229

Carbon dioxide, water and ATP

Front 230

In aerobic reactions, for each pyruvic acid, enzymes in the mitochondria are used to generate what three products?

Back 230

NADH, carbon dioxide and acetic acid

Front 231

The citric acid cycle begins when

Back 231

Acetyl-coa combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid

Front 232

How long does the citric acid cycle continue?

Back 232

The cycle repeats as long as the mitochondrion receives oxygen and pyruvic acid

Front 233

Three important consequences of the citric acid cycle are

Back 233

1 ATP is produced directly for each citric acid molecule that goes through the cycle, eight hydrogen atoms with high-energy electrons are transferred to the hydrogen carriers naD & Fad, and two carbon dioxide molecules are produced

Front 234

Electron transport chain

Back 234

A series of enzyme complex is that carry and pass electrons along from one to another

Front 235

Where is the electron transport chain located?

Back 235

The inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 236

At the end of the electron transport chain hydrogen atoms and oxygen combine to form what?

Back 236

H2O

Front 237

When blood glucose levels are high, the liver uses glucose to synthesize

Back 237

Glycogen

Front 238

When blood glucose levels are low, the liver releases

Back 238

Glucose

Front 239

When a person takes in more carbohydrates than can be stored as glycogen, glucose is used to form what?

Back 239

Fat molecules

Front 240

In DNA, adenine always binds with the base

Back 240

Thymine

Front 241

In DNA, guanine always binds with the base

Back 241

Cytosine

Front 242

In DNA replication each new DNA molecule is composed of

Back 242

1 old strand and one new strand

Front 243

Genetic information specifies the correct sequence of what?

Back 243

Amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Front 244

Each amino acid is represented in a DNA molecule by what?

Back 244

A triplet code

Front 245

A triplet code consists of

Back 245

A sequence of three nucleotides

Front 246

Function of RNA molecules

Back 246

Transfer information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Front 247

The sugar in RNA is what?

Back 247

Ribose

Front 248

True or false, RNA is double stranded?

Back 248

False RNA is single stranded

Front 249

The four bases found in RNA are?

Back 249

Adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

Front 250

In the synthesis of mRNA, RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs with a section of?

Back 250

DNA

Front 251

What enzyme controls mRNA synthesis?

Back 251

RNA polymerase

Front 252

Synthesis of mRNA stops when?

Back 252

RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on DNA

Front 253

Transcription

Back 253

The making of mRNA from DNA

Front 254

Codons

Back 254

Three base sequences on mRNA

Front 255

To complete protein synthesis, mRNA does what?

Back 255

Leaves the nucleus and associates with a ribosome

Front 256

Translation

Back 256

Process in which the series of codons on mRNA are translated from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids

Front 257

Transfer RNA

Back 257

Functions to align amino acids in a way that enables them to bond. One end of a tRNA molecule contains an anticodon and the other end contains an amino acid

Front 258

Anticodon

Back 258

A 3 base sequence on tRNA

Front 259

How many types of amino acids are there?

Back 259

20

Front 260

What indicates the end of protein synthesis?

Back 260

The stop signal

Front 261

True or false, only one type of tRNA can correspond to an same amino acid?

Back 261

False more than one type of tRNA can correspond to the same amino acid

Front 262

A ribosome is composed of two subunits that contain?

Back 262

TRNA and proteins

Front 263

Function of chaperones

Back 263

Fold proteins into their unique shapes

Front 264

The number of protein molecules a cell synthesizes is usually proportional to the number of corresponding?

Back 264

MRNA molecules

Front 265

Transcription factors control the activation of?

Back 265

Certain genes

Front 266

5 ways mutations can occur?

Back 266

Through incorrect base pairing during DNA replication, adding extra bases in DNA, deleting sections of DNA, moving sections of DNA within the same chromosome, or moving sections of DNA from one chromosome to another

Front 267

Repair enzymes

Back 267

Enzymes that clip out mismatched nucleotide sequences in a single DNA strand and fill the resulting gap with nucleotides complementary to those on the other strand

Front 268

Four major types of tissues in the human body?

Back 268

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous