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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) |
Belgian anatomist and physician whose dissections of the human body and descriptions of his findings helped to correct the misconceptions of science |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
known as the father of microscopy. |
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Robert Hooke (1635-1703) |
renowned inventor, natural philosopher, astronomer, experimenter, and cell biologist. Hooke's law, an equation describing elasticity. He devised the compound microscope and illumination system. |
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Carl Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) |
Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist. Well known for his contributions in ecology ad taxonomy. Famous for binomial system of nomenclature in which each living organism has 2 names, a genus and a species name |
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Louis Pasteur |
Discovered the role of microorganisms in the cause of disease and invented the process called pasteurization, and created the rabies vaccine in the late 1800s. |
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Robert Koch |
took Pasteur's observations one step further by formulating the hypothesis that specific diseases are caused by specific pathogens. Koch's postulates are still used as guidelines for in the field of microbiology. |
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Matthias Schleiden |
German botanist famous for his cell theory, He observed plant cells microscopically and concluded that the cell is the common structural unit of all plants. |
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Theodor Schwann |
A zoologist who helped propose cell theory and observed cells in animals. |
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Gregor Mendel |
work led to the rapid development of genetics |
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James Watson and Francis Crick |
discovered that the structure of a DNA molecule is a double helix |
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Scientific Method |
Pose a question form a hypothesis observe and record data draw a conclusion |
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Deductive Inquiry |
to move students from generalized principles to specific instances |
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Inductive Inquiry |
helps students establish facts, determine relevant questions, and develop ways to pursue these questions and build explanations
Allows students to move from specific facts and observations to inferences |
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Interactive Instruction |
relies heavily on discussion and sharing among participants |
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Scale Models |
basically downsized or enlarged copies of their target systems |
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Idealized Models |
deliberate simplification of something complicated with the objective of making it easier to understand |
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Analogical Models |
examples are the billiard model of gas, the computer model of the mind, and the liquid drop model of the nucleus |
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Phenomenological Models |
usually defined as models that are independent of theories |
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Data Models |
corrected, rectified, regimented, and, in many instances, idealized versions of the data gained from immediate observation (raw data) |
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Theory Models |
any structure is a model if it represents an idea, or theory |
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Line graphs |
show two variables represented by one point on the graph. The x-axis is the horizontal and represents the dependent variable. The y-axis is the vertical and represents the independent variable |
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Bar Graphs |
the dependent variable is set up as a bar where the x-axis intersects the y-axis |
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Process Skills |
observing, measuring, manipulating physical objects |
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Analytical Skills |
reasoning, deduction, critical thinking |
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communication skills |
organizing info, writing |
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Conceptualization |
of scientific phenomena |
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Staining |
Specimens have to be stained because they are transparent under the microscope and difficult to see against a white background |
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Preparation of laboratory solutions |
1. weigh out the required amount of each solute 2. Dissolve the solute in less than the total desired volume. 3. Add enough volume to get the desired volume |
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Random Errors |
statistical fluctuations in the measured data due to the precision limitations of the measurement device. Usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to get exactly the same number. |
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Systematic Errors |
Reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction, often due to a problem that persists throughout the entire experiment |
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Accuracy |
the degree of conformity of a measured, calculated quantity to its actual (true) value |
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Precision |
the degree to which further measurements or calculations show the same or similar results |
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Potential sources of experimental error |
errors that human error-occur as a result of inexperience use of the wrong chemical external influences unrepresentative sample |
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Curriculum Based Assessment |
assessment of an individual's performance of objectives within a curriculum such as reading, math, or science program. Measured in terms of which objectives have been mastered |
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Momentary Time Sampling |
technique used for measuring behaviors of a group of individuals or several behaviors of the same individual. Usually brief and can be conducted at fixed or variable intervals. |
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Multiple Baseline Design |
Can be used to test the effectiveness of am intervention in the performance of a skill or to determine if the intervention accounted for the observed changes in a target behavior. First, the initial baseline data is collected, followed by the data during the intervention period. To get the second baseline, the intervention is stopped for a period of time and data is collected again. The intervention is then restarted or reapplied, and data collected on the target behavior |
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Group Tests |
Examiner can provide oral directions for younger children |
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Individual Tests |
Tester has the opportunity to observe the individual's responses and to determine how such things as problem solving are accomplished |
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Population |
group of individuals of one species that live in the same general area |
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Fossil Fuels |
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which all form from the remains of dead plants and animals through natural processes over millions of years |
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Minerals |
concentrations of naturally occurring inorganic elements and compounds located in the Earth's crusts that are extracted through mining for human use. |
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Conductors |
Materials through which electric charges flow easily |
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Insulator |
a material through which electric charges do not move easily, if at all |
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Grounding |
the removal of static electricity by conduction |
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Electric Circuit |
path along which electrons flow |
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Load |
device that uses energy |
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Switch |
device that opens or closes a circuit |
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Potential Difference |
the work needed to move an electron from one point to another |
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Current |
the number of electrons per second that flow past a point in a circuit |
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Resistance |
the ability of a material to oppose the flow of electrons through it |
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Magnetic Field |
the space around a magnet where its force affects objects |
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Magnetic Poles |
Magnets have a north and south pole. Like poles repel and opposing poles attract |
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Magnetic Domains |
where atomic magnetic fields line up in the same direction |
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Electromagnet |
When the current goes through the wire, the wire acts the same way that a magnet does; this is called an electromagnet |
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Motor |
electricity is used to create magnetic fields that oppose each other and cause the rotor to move |
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Generator |
device that turns rotary, mechanical energy into electrical energy |
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Transformer |
electrical device that changes electricity of one voltage into another voltage, usually from high to low. |
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Speed |
scalar quantity that refers to how fast an object is moving |
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Velocity |
Vector quantity that refers to the rate at which an object its position (speed with direction) |
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Instantaneous Speed |
speed at any given instant in time |
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Average Speed |
average of all instantaneous speeds, found by a distance/time ratio |
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Acceleration |
Vector quantity divided as the rate at which an object changes its velocity, where f represents the final velocity and i represents the initial velocity |
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Dynamics |
study of the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion |
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Mass |
An object's mass gives it a resistance to change its current state of motion. It is also the measure of an object's resistance to acceleration |
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Weight |
(W)= mass times acceleration due to gravity (W=mg) |
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Newton's First Law of Motion (law of inertia) |
States that an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force |
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Newton's Second Law of Motion |
States that if a net force acts as an object, it will cause the acceleration of the object. The relationship between force and motion is force equals mass times acceleration (F=ma) |
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Newton's Third Law of Motion |
States that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Friction |
surfaces that touch each other have a certain resistance to motion |
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Static Friction |
describes the force of friction of two surfaces that are in contact with each other but do not have any motion relative to each other, such as a block sitting on an inclined plane |
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Kinetic Friction |
Describes the force of friction of two surfaces in contact with each other when there is relative motion between the surfaces |
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Law of conservation of energy |
states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore, the sum of all energy in a system remains constant |
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Law of Momentum Conservation |
States that when 2 objects collide in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the 2 objects after the collision |
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Circular Motion |
defined as acceleration along a circle, circular path, or a circular orbit |
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Periodic Motion |
Occurs when an object moves back and forth in a regular motion |
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Period |
the time the object takes to go back and forth |
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Amplitude |
half the distance the object goes from one side of the period to the other |
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Physical Property |
can be observed without changing the identity of a substance |
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Chemical Property |
the ability of a substance to change into a new substance |
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Physical Change |
change that does not produce a new substance |
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Chemical Change |
Any change of a substance into one or more other substances |
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Mass |
measure of the amount of matter in an object |
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Weight |
measure of the earth's pull of gravity on an object |
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Volume |
amount of cubic space an object occupies |
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Density |
the mass of a substance per unit of volume |
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Specific Gravity |
ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water |
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Hardness |
describes how difficult it is to scratch or dent a substance |
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Solubility |
defined as the amount of substance that will dissolve into another substance, called the Solvent |
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Melting Point |
the temp at which a solid becomes a liquid |
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Boiling Point |
the temp at which a liquid becomes a gas |
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Solids |
have a definite shape that cannot be changed have a definite volume that cannot be changed have mass that can be changed when the physical shape is diminished can be any color and temperature some will melt under high temps, in which case they become liquids are very hard |
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Liquids |
take the shape of the container into which they are poured when a liquid results from making a solid, it has the same color as the solid flow cannot be compressed and keep the same volume wight may be lighter than that of a solid because of evaporation are soft |
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Gases |
do not keep their shape and fill a container flow very quickly are colorless can be compressed and take on a different volume than that of a solid or liquid are of high temps are extremely light and do not have weight |
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Solutions |
homogeneous mixtures of two or more components transparent do not usually absorb visible light |
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Mixture |
material that can be separated by physical means into 2 or more substances |
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Heterogeneous Mixture |
consists of physically distinct parts, each with different properties. ex: sugar and salt stirred together
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Homogeneous Mixture |
mixture that is uniform in its properties throughout a given sample |
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First Law of Thermodynamics |
restatement of the conservation of energy. The change in heat energy supplied to a system is equal to the sum of the change in the internal energy and the change in the work done by the system against internal forces |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
1. No machine is 100% efficient. 2. Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder to warmer object. |
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Thermal Energy |
total internal energy of objects created by the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules |
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Acoustical Energy (sound energy) |
movement of energy through an object in waves |
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Radiant Energy |
the energy of electromagnetic waves (light is an example) |
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Electrical Energy |
movement of electrical charges in an electromagnetic field (electricity and lightning) |
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Chemical Energy |
energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules |
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Mechanical Energy |
potential and kinetic energy of a mechanical system (rolling balls, car engines) |
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Nuclear Energy |
energy present in the nucleus of atoms |
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heat of fusion |
amount of heat that it takes to change from a solid to a liquid or the amount of heat released during the change from liquid to solid |
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heat of vaporization |
amount of heat that it takes to change from a liquid to a gaseous state |
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Evaporation |
change in phase from liquid to gas |
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Condensation |
change in phase from gas to liquid |
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light |
type of electromagnetic wave that stimulates the retina of the eye |
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Refraction |
the bending of light when it enters a different medium |
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Diffracted |
light that is bent around the edges of an object |
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Sound Waves |
produced by a vibrating body, which moves forward and compresses the air in front of it |
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Intensity of Sound |
amount of energy that crosses a unit of area in a given amount of time |
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Decibels |
the measurement of the intensity of level of sound |
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Interference |
interaction of 2 or more waves that meet |
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Doppler Effect |
defined as the changes in experienced frequency due to the relative motion of the source of the sound |
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Transverse Waves |
characterized by particle motion that is perpendicular to the wave motion |
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longitudinal waves |
are characterized by particle motion that is parallel to the wave motion |
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Hydroelectric Power |
power produced from falling water |
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Wind Power |
Windmills harness the energy of the wind by driving a turbine that generates electricity |
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Tidal Power |
electricity generated by deflecting and diverting strong tidal currents through offshore turbines that drive electric generators |
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Geothermal Energy |
energy is produced from hot igneous rocks within the Earth |
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Solar Energy |
Solar power can be utilized directly as a source of heat or to produce electricity |
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Solar Cells |
produce electricity from the solar radiation |
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Biomass |
plant and animal waste can be burned to produce heat for steam turbine electrical generators |
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Conduction |
occurs when heat travels through a heated solid |
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Convection |
heat transported by the movement of a heated substance |
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Radiation |
heat transfer as the result of electromagnetic waves |
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Conservation of Mass |
states that a total mass of a system is constant (burning of wood) |
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Conservation of Charge |
states that total electrical charge of a closed system is constant |
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Kinetic Theory |
states that matter consists of molecules, possessing kinetic energy, in continual random motion |
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Photosynthesis |
process by which plants make carbs from the energy of the sun, carbon dioxide, and water |
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Cellular Respiration |
plants break down the products of photosynthesis |
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Angiosperms |
largest group in the plant kingdom, flowering plants that produce true seeds for reproduction |
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Single-celled Organisms |
able to respond to basic stimuli such as the presence of light, heat, or food typically sense change in the environment via receptors on the cell surface |
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Plants |
typically do not possess sensory organs so individual cells recognize stimuli through a variety of pathways the responses of plants occur more slowly than those of animals |
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Animals |
many animal responses to stimuli are involuntary many animals are also capable of voluntary responses |
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Behavior |
complex responses, which may or may not be instintual |
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Parasitism |
two species occupy a similar place; the parasite benefits from the relationship and the host is harmed. |
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Commensalism |
two species occupy a similar place; neither species is harmed or benefits from the relationship |
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Mutualism |
two species occupy a similar space; both species benefit from the relationship |
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Competition |
two species occupy the same habitat or eat the same food are said to be in competition with each other |
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Predator |
animals that eat other animals |
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Prey |
animals predators feed on |
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Trophic Levels |
the feeding relationships that determine energy flow and chemical cycling in a food chain |
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Ecological Efficiency |
the amount of energy that is transferred between trophic levels |
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Pyramid of Productivity |
represents the energy flow through trophic levels |
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Tertiary Consumers |
eat the secondary consumers |
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Secondary Consumers |
are carnivores that eat primary consumers |
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Primary Consumers |
are herbivores that eat plants or algae |
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Producers |
are mainly autotrophs/plant life |
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Decomposers |
are consumers that feed off animal waste and dead organisms |
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Niche |
the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem |
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Competitive Exclusion Principle |
no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long period of time |
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Outer Core |
begins about 3,000 km beneath the surface and is a liquid generally believed that swirling of the iron rich liquid in the outer core results in the Earth's magnetic field |
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Inner Core |
radius of about 1,200 km, extremely dense, about 80% iron |
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Mantle |
begins about 35 km beneath the surface and stretches all the way to 3,000 km beneath the surface consists of silicate rocks, which are rich in iron and magnesium |
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Crust |
outermost layer and continues down between 5 and 70 km beneath the surface
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Oceanic Crust |
composed largely of iron magnesium silicate rocks |
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Continental Crust |
less dense than oceanic and consists mainly of sodium potassium aluminum silicate rocks |
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Erosion |
inclusion and transportation of surface materials by another moveable material, usually water, wind, or ice. |
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Weathering |
the breaking down of rocks at or near the Earth's surface |
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Physical Weathering |
process by which rocks are broken down into smaller fragments without undergoing any change in chemical composition |
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Chemical Weathering |
breaking down of rocks through changes in their chemical composition |
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Plates |
rigid blocks of Earth's crust and upper mantle |
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Convergence |
when the oceanic crust collides with either another oceanic plate or a continental plate |
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Transform Fault |
when two plates slide past one another |
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Rifting |
when boundaries form between spreading plates where the crust is forced apart |
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Subduction |
when a plate of ocean crust collides with a plate of continental crust, the denser oceanic plate slides under the lighter continental plate and plunges into the mantle |
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Earthquake |
the shaking or displacement of the ground at the Earth's surface that results from a sudden release of stored energy in the crust that propagates seismic waves |
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Body Waves |
travel through the interior of the earth along paths determined by the earth's varying density and composition |
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Surface Waves |
travel just under the earth's surface in the same manner as water waves
more destructive type of seismic wave |
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Folded Mountains |
produced by the folding of rock layers during their formation |
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Fault-Block Mountains |
created when plate movement produces tension forces instead of compression forces |
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Dome Mountains |
formed as magma tries to push up through the crust but fails to break the surface |
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Volcanism |
the movement of magma through the crust and its emergence as lava onto the earth's surface |
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Active Volcano |
one that is presently erupting or building to eruption |
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Dormant Volcano |
one that is between eruptions but still shows signs of internal activity that might lead to an eruption in the future |
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Extinct Volcano |
no longer capable of erupting |
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Shield Volcanoes |
quiet eruptions |
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Cinder-cone Volcanoes |
explosive eruptions during which lava is hurled high into the air in a spray of droplets of various sizes |
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Composite Volcanoes |
built by both lava flows and layers of ash and cinder |
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Groundwater |
precipitation that soaks into the ground through small pores or openings |
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Water Table |
upper surface of the zone saturated with groundwater |
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Swamp |
area where the water table is at the surface |
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Spring |
groundwater that flows out from underground onto the surface |
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Aquifers |
permeable rocks filled with water |
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Troposphere |
layer closest to the earth's surface |
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Stratosphere |
contains very little water, ozone layer is located in upper portions |
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Mesosphere |
coldest layer |
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Thermosphere |
extends upward into space |
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Lithification |
when fluid sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks |
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Igneous Rocks |
can be classified according to their texture, composition, and formation |
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Metamorphic Rocks |
formed by high temps and great pressures |
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Minerals |
Must: be nonliving formed in nature solid in form have atoms that form a crystalline pattern have a chemical composition fixed within narrow limits |
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Precipitation |
water that falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow |
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Water Cycle |
Earth's surface evaporates, condenses into clouds, and returns to Earth |
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Air Currents |
air masses moving toward or away from the earth's surface |
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Wind |
air moving parallel to the Earth's surface |
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Wind Belts |
convection cells that encircle the Earth like belts |
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Monsoons |
huge wind system that cover large geographic areas and reverse direction seasonally |
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Thunderstorm |
brief, local storm produced by the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air within a cumulonimbus cloud |
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Tornado |
severe storm with swirling winds that can reach speeds of hundreds of km per hour |
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Hurricane |
storm that develops when warm, moist air carried by trade winds rotates around a low pressure "eye" |
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Blizzard |
storm with strong winds, blowing snow, and frigid temps |
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Relative Humidity |
ratio of existing amounts of water vapor and moisture in the air to the max amount of moisture the air can hold at the same given pressure and temp |
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Sun |
nearest star to Earth that produces solar energy |
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Nuclear Fusion |
hydrogen gas is converted to helium gas |
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Parts of the sun |
core: inner portion where fusion takes place photosphere: considered surface of the sun, produces sunspots chromosphere: hydrogen gas causes this portion to be red in color corona: transparent area of sun, visible only during a total eclipse |
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Perihelion |
Earth is closest to sun |
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Aphelion |
Earth is farthest from sun |
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Stars |
all stars derive their energy from the thermonuclear fusion of light elements |
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Young star |
composed mostly of hydrogen |
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Galaxies |
vast collection of stars |
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Irregular galaxy |
has no real structured appearance |
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Elliptical Galaxy |
consists of smooth ellipses, containing little dust and gas, but composed of trillions of stars |
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Spiral Galaxies |
disk-shaped and have extending arms that rotate around their dense centers |
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Milky Way |
the Earth's spiral galaxy |
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Tides |
changes in the level of the ocean caused by the varying gravitational pull of the moon as it orbits the Earth |
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Obliquity of the ecliptic |
tilt of the earth's axis-23.45 degrees from the perpendicular
mainly responsible for the four seasons because it influences the intensity of solar rays received by the northern and southern hemispheres |
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Solstices |
two days of the year when the sun is farthest from the earth's equatorial plane |
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Moon orbits the earth |
every 27 days |
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Lunar Phases |
changes in the appearance of the moon as seen from Earth |
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Eclipses |
the passing of one object into the shadow of another object |
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Lunar Eclipse |
occurs when the Moon travels through the shadow of the Earth |
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Solar Eclipse |
when the moon positions itself between the sun and the earth |
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Mercury |
closest planet to the sun named after Roman messenger god |
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Venus |
surface not visible because of cloud cover greater greenhouse effect than Earth named after Roman goddess of love yellow appearance |
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Earth |
water planet only planet known to support life |
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Mars |
Iron oxide makes surface seem rust-colored and skies pink has two satellites named after Roman war god |
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Jupiter |
largest planet has 16 moons
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Saturn |
2nd largest planet has rings of ice, rocks, and dust more than 20 satellites named after Roman god of agriculture
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Uranus |
3rd largest 10 dark rings and 15 satellites named after Greek god of the heavens |
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Neptune |
has three rings and two satellites named after Roman sea god because its atmosphere is the same color as the sea |
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Pluto |
no longer considered a planet 1 satellite named after Roman god of the underworld |
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Comets |
masses of frozen gases, cosmic dust, and small, rocky particles
consist of a nucleus, coma, and tail |
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Meteoroids |
composed of particles of rock and metal of various sizes |
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Meteor |
burning meteoroid falling through Earth's atmosphere
also known as a shooting star |
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Meteorites |
meteors that strike the earth's surface |
