Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Attitudes - Social Learning - Parent Modelling Brown and Ogden |
reported consisten correlations between parents and their children in terms of snack food intake, eating motivations and body dissatisfaction |
|
|
Attitudes - Social Learning - Research Support Meyer and Gast |
surveyed 10-12 year olds and found a significant positive correlation between peer influences and disordered eating
|
|
|
Attitudes - Social Learning - Media Effects MacIntyre et al |
found that the media have a major impact both on what people eat and also their attitudes to certain food |
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Ethnicity Ball and Kenardy |
found an acculturation effect when looking at 14000 women who had moved to Australia, as the more time they spent in Australia, the more similar their eating behaviours became to women born there
|
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Ethnicity Powell and Khan |
body dissatisfaction and related eating concerns and disorders are more characteristic of white women then black or Asian women |
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Social Class Dornbusch et al |
surveyed 7000 American adolescents, higher class individuals had a greater desire to be thin and were more likely to diet
|
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Social Class Goode et al |
found income is positively associated with healthy eating
|
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Ethnicity Mumford et al |
found the incidence of bulimia was greater among Asian school girls than their white counterparts
|
|
|
Attitudes - Mood and Eating Behaviour - Binge-eating Davis et al |
shown that one hour before a binge, bulimic individuals had more negative modd states that one hour before a normal snack or meal |
|
|
Attitudes - Mood and Eating Behaviour - Binge-eating Wegner et al |
had students report their eating patterns and mood states over a two-week period, binge days were characterised by generally low mood compared to non-binge days, but there was no difference in the mood before and after a binge, this suggests that low mood may make binge-eating more likely |
|
|
Attitudes - Social Learning - Research Support Birch and Fisher |
found that the best predictors of the daughters' eating behaviour were the mothers' dietary restraint and their perception of the daughter becoming overweight |
|
|
Attitudes - Cultural Influences - Ethnicity Striegel-Moore et al |
found more evidence of a 'drive for thinness' among black girls than among white girls |
|
|
Attitudes - Mood and Eating Behaviour - Comfort-eating Garg et al |
38 participants' food choices observed as the watched either an upbeat film or a sad film, offered buttered popcorn and seedless grapes throughout the films, watching sad film ate 36% more popcorn than the upbeat group, but the upbeat group ate far more grapes than the sad group, sad = snacks that taste good = feel better, upbeat = healthy foods = continue feeling good |
|
|
Attitudes - Mood and Eating Behaviour - Evaluation Parker et al |
found that, although chocolate has a slight antidepressant effect for some people, when consumed as an emotional eating strategy, it is more likely to prolong rather than alleviate the negative mood, particularly if used repeatedly |
|
|
Attitudes - AIDs - Culture Bias Rozin et al |
argues that food functions differently in the minds andlives of people from different cultures, for example the French view of food isthat it is associated with health rather than pleasure whereas most countriesfollowed the American-like view that food is associated with pleasure which mayaccount for differences in rates of health problems |
|
|
Attitudes - AIDs - Gender Bias Siever |
in men, homosexuality is a risk factor in the development of disordered eating attitudes and behaviour, including body dissatisfaction and higher levels of dieting |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory Herman and Mack |
cognitive restriction of food intake, however attempting not to eat mayincrease the probability of overeating |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory Wardle and Beales |
randomly assigned 27 obese women to a) diet group b) exercise group orc) non-treatment group and assessed them and weeks 4 and 6, week 4 food intakeand appetite were assessed before and after a small snack and week 6 foodintake assessed under stressful condition, women in a) ate more at bothassessments that women in b) or c) |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory Herman and Polivy |
proposed the boundary model to explain why dieting leads to overeating,a dieter tends to have a large range between hunger and satiety, as it takeslonger to feel hungry but more food to satisfy them. Restrained eaters set adesired intake, but once they go over this, they eat until satiety |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory - Evaluation Ogden (1) |
overeating may be a consequence of obesity if restraint is recommendedas a treatment, failed attempts to diet can leave individuals feelingdepressed, a failure and therefore are unable to control their weight |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory - Evaluation Ogden (2) |
if trying not to eat results in overeating, how do anorexics manage tostarve themselves? – the theory has limited relevance |
|
|
Dieting - Restraint Theory - Evaluation Wegner |
admits that although overeating in restrained eaters is detectable, itis not overwhelmingly significant but its influence could be important toconsider in pathological forms of eating behaviour |
|
|
Dieting - Role of Denial Wegner et al |
told participants not to think about a white bear but to ring the bellif they did, participants told not to think about it rang the bell more timesthan those instructed to think about the white bear |
|
|
Dieting - Role of Denial Wegner |
‘theory of ironic processes on mental control’, as dieters try tosuppress thoughts of foods deemed ‘forbidden’ their preoccupation with thesefoods increases as it becomes more attractive |
|
|
Dieting - Role of Denial - Research Support Soetens et al |
participants were divided into restrained and unrestrained eaters and the restrained group then subdivided into either high or low on dishibition, the dishibition restrained group used more thought suppression than other groups and showed a rebound effect afterwards, shows that restrained eaters who tend to overeat try to suppress thoughts about food, but they think more about food afterwards |
|
|
Dieting - Detail (researcher who suggested it) |
Redden |
|
|
Dieting - Detail Redden |
gave 135 people 22 jelly beans one at a time with wither general infosuch as number 7 or specific flavour details, those with general info got boredof eating the jelly beans faster, whereas those with specific flavour detailsenjoyed the task more |
|
|
Dieting - AIDs - Cultural Bias Misra et al |
Asian children and adolescents have a greater central fat mass when compared with Europeans and other ethnic groups |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Wickens |
when injected NPY into rats they ate even when satiated |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Rolls and Rolls |
found that when amygdala was removed in rats they would consume familiar andnovel foods indiscriminately |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Kolb and Whishaw |
when Inferior Frontal Cortex was removed found decreased eating as diminished sensory responses to taste and smell |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Marie et al |
genetically manipulated mice to no produce NPY – found no decrease ineating behaviour |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Gold |
found lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus did not cause overeatingunless they cut other areas as well, such as the paraventricular nucleus –other research has not been able to repeat these findings and most studies showanimals with lesions in the VMH at substantially more and gained more weightthan those with lesions in the PVN |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms Sakurai et al |
although the LH undoubtedly plays an important role in controlling eating behaviour, it is not, as previously thought, the brain's 'eating centre' |
|
|
Neural Mechanisms - AIDs - Real World Yang et al |
found that NPY is produced by abdominal fat, so acts as a cycle, NPYleads to more eating and more fat cells produce more NPY – so targetingindividuals most at risk of increased levels of NPY may prevent obesity |
|
|
Evolutionay Explanations Milton |
without animals it is unlikely that early hmans could have secured enough nutrition from a vegetarian diet to evolve into the active and intelligent creatures they became |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations Garcia et al |
bait shyness - taste serves as a warning system away from poisons and foods which havegone off, known as taste aversion, which I why we try a small sample of the food |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations Sandell and Breslin |
screened 35 adults for bitterness receptor gene, asked them to rate thebitterness of different vegetables, those with the sensitive form of the geneidentified veg with glucosinolates as up to 60% more bitter than those with theinsensitive gene – suggests the development of a selective advantage to avoidpoisons |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations - Evaluation Stanford |
looked at our close ancestor the chimpanzee – found after coming closewith starvation and allowed to go for the kill, they went straight for thefatty organs rather than the nutritious flesh like ancestors in earlyhunter-gatherers would have |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations Gibson and Wardle |
Our food preferences for calories can be seen inchildren’s preferences for the fruit and veg most rich in calories, as 4-5 yearolds chose bananas and potatoes over other vegetables (most calorie rich) |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations - Evaluation Cordain et al |
argues early humans consumed most of their calories from sources otherthan animal fats and may have been vegetarian – although not found inanthropological evidence |
|
|
Evolutionary Explanations - Evalutation Seligman |
claimed that different species evolved different learning abilites (biological preparedness) this natural selection has occured so each species as the ability to learn certain associations more easily than others, particularly those associations that help individuals survive |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Cultural Ideals and Ethnicity Pollack |
found that in many non-western cultures there is a positive attitudetowards large body sizes as they are associated with attractiveness, fertilityand nurturance |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa- Cultural Ideals and Ethnicity Gregory et al |
16% of 15-18 year olds in the UK were currently on a diet in 2000 |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Cultural Ideals and Ethnicity Grabe and Hyde |
meta-analysis of 98 studies – found African-Americans reportedsignificantly less body dissatisfaction than Caucasian or Hispanic females |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Cultural Ideals and Ethnicity - Evaluation Roberts et al |
the stereotypical view that white populations have a higher incidence ofAN than black populations appear to be true only in older adolescent |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Cultural Ideals and Ethnicity - Evaluation Hoek et al |
tested the view than anorexia is rare in non-Western cultures, examined records of 44,192 people admitted to hospital 1987-1989 in Curacao (non-Westernised island, acceptable to be overweight) found six cases, within range of rates of AN reported in Western countries |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Medial Influences Jones and Buckingham |
individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to compare themselves to idealised images portayed in the media |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Media Influences - Evaluation Becker et al |
after the introduction of television for Fijianadolescent girls in 1995, they reported a desire to lose weight to be likewestern television characters and AN cases began to be reported |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Peer Influences Eisenberg et al |
found that in the US dieting between friends was significantly relatedto unhealthy weight controls such as pills or purging |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Peer Influences Jones and Crawford |
found that overweight girls and underweight boys were more likely to be teased by their peers, suggesting that through teasing, peers serve to enforce gender-based ideals |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Peer Influences Bruch |
argued that children with ineffective parents (comfort when hungry orfeed when anxious) grow up to be confused about their internal needs, so whenthey try to achieve autonomy in adolescence they may take excessive controlover their own body by developing abnormal eating habits |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Peer Influences - Evaluation Shroff and Thompson |
found no correlation among friends on measures of disorded eating in an adolescent sample, no significant relationship between peer influence and development of AN |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Peer Influences - Evaluation Lunde et al |
study of 10-year-olds found a positive correlation between BMI and teasing for both boys and girls, no significant relationship between peer influence and development of AN |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Personality Traits Strober et al |
evaluated personality traits in patients receiving treatment for AN andfound high levels of perfectionism in 73% of the girls and 50% of the boys |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Personality Traits Butler and Montgomery |
found compared to a normal control group, patients with AN respondedrapidly but inaccurately to a performance task, indicating behaviouralimpulsiveness despite low self-reported impulsiveness |
|
|
Anorexia Nervosa - Personality Traits - Evaluation Halmi et al |
looked at the relationships between perfectionism and AN in 332 US andEU women, those who had a history of AN scored significantly higher on theMultidimensional Perfectionism Scale compared to a group of healthy women, theextent of perfectionism was directly related to the severity of AN experiencedby the women |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurotransmitters Bailer et al |
compared serotonin levels in women recovering from restricting-type ANand binge/purge type AN and found much higher serotonin levels in thebinge/purge type, the highest levels were in women who showed most anxiety,suggesting persistent increase in serotonin, increasing anxiety |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurotransmitters Kaye et al |
use a PET scan to compare dopamine activity in 10 AN recovery women (and12 healthy women) and found over activity of dopamine in the basal ganglia, whereit is a part of the interpretation of harm and pleasure, increased levels alterthe interpretation of reward, so food is difficult to find pleasurable |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurotransmitters - Evaluation Castro-Fornieles et al |
adolescent girls with AN have higher levels of homovanillis acid thancontrols, which is a waste product of dopamine |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurodevelopment Lindberg and Hjern |
found a significant association between premature birth and development of AN |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurodevelopment Bulik et al |
suggests mothers with AN expose offspring to a ‘double-disadvantage’, agenetic vulnerability and inadequate nutrition during pregnancy |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurodevelopment Eagles et al |
individuals with AN are more likely to have been born during spring moths |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Neurodevelopment - Evaluation Favaro et al |
found some perinatal complications were significantly associated withdevelopment of AN, particularly placental infarction, low birth weight andearly eating difficulties |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - Evolutionary Reproducting Suppression Hypothesis Surbey |
suggests that adolescent girls' desire to control their weight represents an evolutionary adaption |
|
|
AN - Biological Explanations - 'Adapted to flee' Hypothesis Guisinger |
claims that awareness of this causal influence can help treatment andencourages parents to be more compassionate to avoid the control war betweenthe parents and the child who has the biological urge to avoid food and toexercise - a disorder that could potentially kill you is not adaptive |
