Easc Midterm

Front 1

Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)

Back 1

* • Ethnicity: Han
* • Tributary system
* • First to heavily use the Silk Road
* • Traded silk for horses
* • Territory: China proper
* • Allowed small regular trade missions in connection w/ tribute mission

Front 2

Tang Dynasty (618 CE – 907 CE)

Back 2

* • Multi-ethnic group: Turco-Mongol, Han
* • Open to foreign influence and cosmopolitan
* • Buddhism took root in China (Xuan Zang to China)
* • Outsides blamed for the problems
* • “exported” writings
* • Chang’an
* • Ceramics and silks; not efficient to transport ceramics along Silk Road (next dynasty goes to sea)
* • China proper, access to silk road

Front 3

Song Dynasty (960 CE – 1276 CE)

Back 3

* • Multi-ethnic group: Han
* • Ethnicity: returns to Han (xenophobia is very apparent)
* • Take trade to water- begin to ship products
* • Tea trade became popular
* • Northern Song/Southern Song: northern territory taken by Jin, Song pushed to the South and became the Southern Song
* • Ceramics and silks
* • Shift from land routes to sea routes (do not have to access to the Silk road/porcelain easier to trade due to sea trade rather than sea)
* • Territory: China proper/later pushed to south

Front 4

Yuan Dynasty (1276-1368)

Back 4

* • Multi-ethnic group: Mongol
* • Land trade
* • Sea trade exists but highly taxed
* • Persians as key political & intellectual influences
* • Chinese printing technology moves West
* • Territory: China became part of giant Mongol empire (extended to Persia, even Europe); trade a lot with the empire through land routes – land trade expands

Front 5

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Back 5

* • Multi-ethnic group: Han
* • Sea then closed
* • ZhengHe – went on mass sea expeditions
* • Withdrew from trade routes, waited for trade to come to them
* o land: dealing w/ Mongols (undesired)
* o seas: filled w/ piracy
* • Built a lot of the Great Wall
* • Silver trade
* • Territory: China proper (han), Xinjiang, Tibet, Mongolia, Machuria

Front 6

Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

Back 6

* • Multi-ethnic group: Monchu
* • Qianlong subjugates XinJian and Tibet
*
* How Qing ( 1644) ruled difference ethnic groups?
* • Ruler: Manchu from Machuria (Northeast)
* • Ethnic groups: Tibetan (lama as spiritual leaders), Mongol (Mongol banners, incorporated in Qing military), Han (civil exam), Manchu (Manchuria exclusive to Manchu people), Northwestern Muslims (Xinjiang)
* • “trying to be all things to all people” – did not force different ethnic groups to confirm to Manchu customs; allowed pluralism; did not want ethnic groups to form one ethnicity
* • Traded tea and opium

Front 7

Tea trade

Back 7

* • Started (getting popular): Song dynasty
* • Trade between China and Europe (tea went to Europe, silver went back to China)
* • Trade imbalance eventually led to illegal opium
* • Move from luxury goods to mass consumption trade

Front 8

Silk Road

Back 8

* Started under Han dynasty
* Started the Tribute System, establishing trade routes
* Silk Road - Han dynasty exports silk primarily imports horses
* Trade mostly land based

Front 9

Tribute system (or tributary system)

Back 9

* • Spread of concepts, ideas and religions (Buddhism/Consucianism), technology, language
* • Network of trade and foreign relations between China and its ‘tributaries’
* • Major mechanism for state-to-state relations for Chinese dynasties
* • Han Dynasty

Front 10

First Opium War

Back 10

* • Between Britain and China
* • Britain purchasing tea with silver; losing millions as China wasn’t purchasing anything (trade deficit)
* • China began to purchase opium; Qing however banned opium
* • Mcartney mission (open ports) but failed
* • Size of trade increases; opium purchases increase, flow of silver reverses
* • Peasants can’t pay taxes due to lack of silver
* • Present a big problem for Qing; losing silver to smuggling operation
* • Qing decides to enforce opium ban heavily
* • Commissioner Lin Zexu: arrive in Canton 1838 and confiscates British Opium in the sea

Front 11

Second Opium War

Back 11

* • 1856-1860
* • Opium legalized
* • 10 additional ports opened for trade
* • Emigration allowed
* • Legation established in Beijing
* • Missionary activity allowed – what starts the war; Qing not happy with Christians

Front 12

Jesuits

Back 12

* • Played significant role of transferring knowledge, science and culture between the West and China
* • 16th, 17th century
* British East India Company
* • 1600
* • government-granted monopoly on trade between Asia and British
* Macartney embassy/mission
* • Attempt to expand China’s trade with the West
* • Failed, Qinglong declined
* • 1793

Front 13

Treaty of Nanking

Back 13

* • Treaty of Peace; 1842
* • Became known by Chinese as “unequal treaty;” Britain had no obligations
* • Abolished the Canton System, forced 4 additional ports to be open for trade
* • Cession of Hong Kong; colony of Britain in perpetuity
* • Indemnity of$21 million for British Opium that was confiscated
* • Marked end of First Opium War
* • Failure to improve trade and satisfy British trading goals led to Second Opium War

Front 14

British East India Company

Back 14

* British East India Company: established 1600 has a government granted monopoly on trade between Asia and Britain
* BEIC looking for a good to sell to the domestic markets that is marketable for all goods
* Tea was perfect - no domestic competition
* 1760s: 1/6 of Briitish government tax in from Tea

Front 15

“Unequal treaties”

Back 15

Treaty of Nanking – refer above

Resulted from Opium wars

Included extraterritoriality

Front 16

Extraterritoriality

Back 16

* • Britain forced China to open 4 additional ports; ended the Canton System
* • Cession of Hong Kong; allowed a place for Britain to unload their goods

Front 17

Most Favored Nation status

Back 17

Result of unequal treaties, demanded that China extend trade preferences to all European countries at same levels. China must extend same tariff preferences to one country that it does to another

Front 18

Treaty ports

Back 18

Result of unequal treaty. 5 new ports open to Euro trade

Front 19

Burlingame Treaty, 1868 (Kuhn p. 137-138)

Back 19

* Agreement with the US
* • Free migration between both places; for trade or permanent residents
* • China allowed to post consuls at US ports to promote Chinese interest (including welfare of immigrants
* • Treaty ended due to the Exclusion movement in the US

Front 20

Huaqiao (华侨)

Back 20

* • Qing dynasty
* • People that have left the dynasty to get schooling, way to modernize;
* • Brought these ideas back to China

Front 21

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Back 21

* • Restricted free movement of immigration in the US
* • Prohibited immigration of Chinese laborers
* • Signed by US president Arthur

Front 22

Paraslavery

Back 22

* • Paraslavery (since 1840)
* • Endured labor system similar to paraslavery
* • A lot of laborers were tricked, kidnapped to work overseas
* • Destination: southeast Asia, Peru, Cuba
* • Harsh journey and slavery-like working conditions

Front 23

“Coolie trade”

Back 23

* • ended in 1874
* • label referring to person from Asia, particularly Southern China
* • Paraslavery
* tricked or volunteer or kidnapped to go abroad and work on plantations / mines/ bad places. Many died on journey over to location. Happened mostly after first opium war 1840 - on. Chinese laborers needed because African slavery was abolished. Plantations and mines of European colonies need cheap laborers.

Front 24

Huiguan

Back 24

* • Qing dynasty
* • People from same locale/dialect group could obtain food, shelter and assistance when away from home
* • Also served as professionals from same field to gather

Front 25

Tianjin Massacre of 1870

Back 25

* • Missionary intervention; attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns
* • Qing government defended foreign counterparts against own subjects to prevent further problems with foreign powers

Front 26

Ryukyu (Ryokyo) Incident

Back 26

* • China claimed control of Taiwan but did not take responsibility for actions of the aboriginal peoples who lived on eastern coast of Taiwan before Ryukyu incident
* • Clear defined boundaries
* • Qing realized the importance of clear-defined boundaries
* • Qing apologized to Japan; China lost

Front 27

Sino-French War (1984-5)

Back 27

* • Between China (late Qing) and France
* • Over Vietnam relationship between Qing and Vietnam before the war
* • Vietnam as a tributary state
* • France won; China lost Vietnam and ended tributary relations with Vietnam
* • China helped Vietnam to deal with French aggression
* • Changed diplomacy norms; China adjusting itself to Western diplomatic norms

Front 28

De-Asianization

Back 28

• Japan wanted to join the West and differentiate itself from other Asian Countries

Movement in Japan to identify itself as a world , western power

Japan saw China as immature, inferior

Front 29

First Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)

Back 29

* • 1895; between China and Japan
* • Conflict over control of Korea
* • Triple intervention (Germany, France, Russia) oppose Japan’s claim of Liaodong peninsula
* • Japan takes Taiwan as colony

Front 30

Guomindang: aka Kuomintang, KMT, GMD, The Nationalist Party

Back 30

* • 1912
* • Led by Sun Yatasen till his death
* • Led by Chiang Kai-shek

Front 31

Comintern (Communist International)

Back 31

* Global coalition of Communist thinkers and organizers
* • Sets communist standards;

Front 32

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Back 32

* • 1921
* • Led by Mao
* • Under guidance of Comintern

Front 33

Manchurian Incident (1931)

Back 33

* • Japan invades Machuria
* • Chiang tells people not to resist; National party does nothing, angers man
* • Japan takes over

Front 34

Manchukuo

Back 34

* • Result of Japan overthrowing Manchuria
* • Became Japan’s puppet state (1932)

Front 35

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Back 35

* • Relation to sino-japenese relations
* • Ideas of propaganda pushed by Japanese to create Japan as the center of Asia
* • 1930s

Front 36

Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)**

Back 36

* • Mao at helm of CCP
* • Moderate land reform (non-violent) & effective guerrilla warfare allows CCP to grow
* • From 10,000 to 2 million members (1936-1945)

Front 37

Chinese Civil War (1946-49)

Back 37

* • KMT well supplied by US
* • CCP not well supplied; limited USSR support
* • KMT mis-manages troops and Chinese government/economy: inflation, corruption, political repression
* • CCP wins; Chiang and KMT flee to Taiwan (with US aid)

Front 38

Korean War (1950-53)

Back 38

* • Between South (supported by US, UN) and North Korea (supported by China)
* • Due to the division of Korea after WWII
* • Way of affirming power of the communist state

Front 39

Command Economy

Back 39

* • supply and demand controlled by the government
* • China followed USSR model of command economy
* • Mao; 1949 onwards till 1958 (Great Leap Forward)

Front 40

Five-year plan

Back 40

* • Idea under command economy; CCP (Communist party of China); 1950s
* • Goals and plans of the country’s development
* • Social and economic development initiatives
* • Peaceful and successful
* • Transition to state ownership of economy

Front 41

Bandung Conference

Back 41

* • Bandung Conference(1955): third-world countries
* • Occurs in Indonesia
* • To promote Afro-Asian economic/cultural cooperation
* • Oppose colonialism by any nation
* • China trying to offer alternative path to development, other than that of the USSR
* • After Bandung Conference, Mao started to break apart from command economy (1958, the Great Leap Forward)

Front 42

Great Leap Forward

Back 42

* • Set of economic policies to further China’s industrialization rapidly; backyard steel furnaces; famine: peasants could not meet government quota (labor focused on steel production, grain taken by government)
* • Disagreements: economic policies; ideologies; Soviet-US relationship (Mao didn’t refrain from angering the US; the USSR didn’t want to get into war with the US)
* • Late 1950s; led by Mao
* • Disinvestment from agriculture
* • Liberating women from home

Front 43

Sino-Soviet split

Back 43

* • A ‘cool down’ of relations between the Soviets and China
* • 1960-61
* • Before split, after 1949, China was dependent on USSR for technology transfer, followed the USSR model of the command economy (supply and demand controlled by the government)
* • The split: different opinions about communism; Mao sees USSR socialism as ‘revisionist;’ - too much capitalist-style incentives and gives too much power to party members (making them into new ruling class)
* • Ideological dispute between Mao and Stalin: Who should be vanguard of communist revolutions; still got along
* • After Stalin’s death, Mao considered himself as last person who led communist revolution successfully; therefore deemed China as leader of communist world

Front 44

Household registration system (hukou)

Back 44

* • Created Urban/rural divide
* • Required household registration by PRC
* • Identifies person part of particular area
* • Regarded as a caste system of China
* • Huge impact on famine: rural areas suffered more

Front 45

Cultural Revolution

Back 45

* • 1966-78
* • Mao strikes back; accuses officials Liu Shaoqi of taking the “capitalist road”
* • Mao editorial : “strike the headquarters”
* • Youth told to attack CCP; form Red Guard groups
* • Goal to regain power of policy
* • Ended with the death of Lin Bao (military leader)

Front 46

Zheng He

Back 46

Chinese explorer during Ming dynasty, explores the world, brings back cultural ideas

Front 47

Xuanzang

Back 47

Monk travelled to India to get religious scriptures. Story later fictionalized into Journey to the West. Part of Tong Dynasty (618-907AD)

Front 48

Qianlong

Back 48

* • 1735-1795
* • Emperor of Qing dynasty
* • Conquest of Xinjiang - 1758
* • Rejected Macartney Embassy – 1793; pursuit of West trying to get China to increase foreign trade (Canton Trade system)

Front 49

Lin Zexu

Back 49

* •Chinese assistant to Emperor of Qing dynasty, tasked with stopping Opium trade
* Arrives in Port of Canton
* • 1838
* • Confiscates and ends trade of British Opium

Front 50

Sun Yat-sen

Back 50

* • Founder of ROC (1912); played a role in overthrowing Qing Dynasty
* • Needed army to defeat warlords and reunite China
* • Appealed to Western governments for funds; Only USSR cared as had no allies in Asia
* • Condition of receiving USSR help: had to allow communist party to join government
* • Died 1925 from cancer

Front 51

Mao Zedong

Back 51

* • Founder of PRC (1948), leader of CPC party
* • Put the Five-year plan in motion as well as the Great Leap Forward
* • Led a revolution getting peasants to revolt against landlords
* • Was a peasant himself

Front 52

Chiang Kai-shek

Back 52

* • Appointed as commander of Sun’s army (protégé)
* • Struggled but won as Sun’s successor; appointed leader of KMT and led North Expedition to unify country; reached central China in 6 months
* • Leader of ROC 1928-1975
* • Fought civil war against CPC; executed them en masse agreed temporary truce during 2nd Sino-Japan war

Front 53

Amiri Baraka

Back 53

* • Founded the Maoist communist league (RCL (1960-1980s) in the US
* • African American revolutionaries. Associated black people in the US with people of colonies worldwide who still needed independence