Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1.All of the following EXCEPT _____________ were considered a dangerous problem during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on July 15, 1991.
A.building roof collapse from wet volcanic ash B.ash falling from the sky C.pyroclastic flows D.poisonous gas E.earthquakes |
D.poisonous gas
|
|
|
2.The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was generated by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake along __________ off the shore of Sumatra.
A.a continental rift zone B.an oceanic transform fault C.a hotspot island chain D.a seafloor spreading center E.a subduction zone |
E.a subduction zone
|
|
|
3.Which of the following is NOT a cause of earthquakes in the North American continental INTERIOR?
A.accommodation in the Basin and Range region B.subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate below the North American plate C.reactivation of ancient rifts D.stress within regions affected by meteorite impacts E.human activity |
B.subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate below the North American plate
|
|
|
4.The 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption caused a change in global climate for at least 5 years after it occurred. How did it do so?
A.ash ejected into the air caused global cooling B.hot gases caused warming C.none are correct D.the eruption burned down tress |
A.ash ejected into the air caused global cooling
|
|
|
5.Andesitic-rhyolitic magma is most commonly associated with __________.
A.subduction zones B.spreading centers C.hot spots D.both B & C E.none are correct |
A.subduction zones
|
|
|
6.Mt. Rainier, Washington, is number one on the danger list of many volcanologists because of_____________.
A.its great height B.its extensive glacial cap C.its frequent earthquakes D.its active hot-water spring systems E.All of these are correct. |
E.All of these are correct.
|
|
|
7.The large left step in the San Andreas fault in the Los Angeles area causes compressive ruptures along east-west-oriented ________ faults as in the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge events.
A.strike-slip B.transform C.normal D.thrust |
D.thrust
|
|
|
8.As presented in the movie "In the path of a killer volcano" which one of the following is not a sign of impending volcanic eruption?
A.ground deformation B.geomagnetic activity C.release of gases D.seismic activity |
B.geomagnetic activity
|
|
|
9.Many of the deaths at Mt. St. Helens on May 18, 1980 were related to _________________.
A.ash fall hundreds of miles away B.the earthquake that preceded the eruption C.suffocation from a carbon dioxide cloud D.the effects of lateral blast E.people being overcome by fast-flowing basaltic lava |
D.the effects of lateral blast
|
|
|
10.Which of these is not generally associated with the production of a tsunami?
A.hurricanes B.volcanoes C.earthquakes D.impacts E.mass movement of material |
A.hurricanes
|
|
|
11.Which of the following is true for stratovolcanoes?
A.high viscosity, low volatiles, small volume B.low/medium viscosity, medium/high volatiles, small volume C.medium/high viscosity, medium/high volatiles, large volume D.low viscosity, low volatiles, large volume |
C.medium/high viscosity, medium/high volatiles, large volume
|
|
|
12.Pyroclastic flows can be created from all of the following EXCEPT:
A.directed blast like at Mt. Pinatubo B.eruption column collapse like at Mt. Mayon C.overspilling the crater rim like at Mt. Pelee D.opening of a shield volcano vent like at Mt. Kilauea |
D.opening of a shield volcano vent like at Mt.
Kilauea |
|
|
13.In the United States, there was great concern in the early 1980s when earthquakes were frequent, including harmonic tremor, and four magnitude 6 earthquakes caused damage near this volcanic center.
A.Valles caldera in New Mexico B.Crater Lake, Oregon C.Long Valley caldera in California D.Mt. St. Helens, Washington E.Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming |
C.Long Valley caldera in California
|
|
|
14.Shield volcanoes generally have ___________.
A.greater width compared to their height B.greater height compared to their width C.equivalent height and width D.there is no discernable width/height relationship between individual shield volcanoes |
A.greater width compared to their height
|
|
|
15.The main difference between stratovolcanoes and calderas is.
A.viscosity B.there is no discernable difference between the two C.volatiles D.volume |
D.volume
|
|
|
16.What is the primary cause for earthquake activity in the Pacific Northwest?
A.accommodation in the Basin and Range region B.subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate below the North American plate C.hot spot activity D.human activity E.movement along the San Andreas Fault |
B.subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate below the North American plate
|
|
|
17.Violent causes of death from volcanic eruptions are caused from all of the following EXCEPT:
A.tsunami B.acid lakes C.lahars D.pyroclastic flows E.poisonous gases |
B.acid lakes
|
|
|
18.Prior to the 2004 event, the last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean struck in 1883 and killed about 36,000 people. This tsunami was caused by __________________.
A.a massive undersea landslide near Sri Lanka B.the collapse of Indonesia's Krakatoa volcano C.a large earthquake off the coast of Sumatra D.massive eruption of Toba E.a meteor that struck in the central Indian Ocean |
B.the collapse of Indonesia's Krakatoa volcano
|
|
|
19.Prehistoric earthquakes may be interpreted using faulted pond sediments. The amount of offset of sediment layers from one earthquake is proportional to the _________________.
A.isostatic anomaly B.earthquake magnitude C.amount of time since the last major earthquake D.amount of radioactive material in the sediment |
B.earthquake magnitude
|
|
|
20.Crater Lake, Oregon, fills the caldera of ____________ which collapsed about 7600 years ago.
A.Mt. Mazama B.Mt. Baker C.Mt. Rainier D.Mt. Shasta E.Mt. St. Helens |
A.Mt. Mazama
|
|
|
21.Tsunami is a Japanese word that means ___________________.
A.island wave B.harbor wave C.big wave D.dragon wave E.killer wave |
B.harbor wave
|
|
|
22.What is the most important requirement for explosive eruptions?
A.viscosity B.volatiles C.volume D.all of these are equally important |
B.volatiles
|
|
|
23.What are the two most common elements found in the earth's crust?
A.silicon and aluminum B.oxygen and silicon C.iron and oxygen D.iron and silicon |
B.oxygen and silicon
|
|
|
24.On 8 May 1902, a massive eruption of this volcano killed 30,000 people in the town of St. Pierre. The volcano was ________________________.
A.Krakatau, Indonesia B.Vesuvius, Italy C.Mt. St. Helens, Washington D.Mont Pelée, Martinique E.Nevado Del Ruiz, Colombia |
D.Mont Pelée, Martinique
|
|
|
25.On September 19, 1985, an earthquake on the west coast of Mexico killed around 9000 people in Mexico City, while leaving coastal cities closer to the earthquake relatively untouched. What was NOT a reason for this?
A.most buildings were 1-2 story buildings B.buildings were built on soft, lake sediments C.improperly designed buildings (soft 1st floors, etc) D.resonance between seismic waves |
A.most buildings were 1-2 story buildings
|
|
|
26.If a tsunami should occur while you are on a beach, you should NOT...
A.swim against the current B.climb to the top floor of a building C.climb a tree D.grab something that floats E.go to higher ground |
A.swim against the current
|
|
|
27.Icelandic volcanoes are the result of what kind of plate tectonics?
A.divergent plate boundary between two oceanic plates B.subduction plate boundary between two oceanic plates C.subduction plate boundary between an oceanic and continental plate D.transform plate boundary between two continental plates |
A.divergent plate boundary between two oceanic plates
|
|
|
28.The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 C.E., which buried the cities of _____________.
A.Pompeii and Herculaneum B.Naples and Rome C.Petra and Florence D.Florence and Pisa E.Naples and Milano |
A.Pompeii and Herculaneum
|
|
|
29.In the Marina District of San Francisco, a significant amount of buildings collapsed in a 1989 earthquake. Some of these buildings collapsed when the water saturated artificial fill underneath the buildings started acting like a fluid. This is known as _____________.
A.liquefaction B.albedo C.lahar D.plasticity E.mass wasting |
A.liquefaction
|
|
|
30.Tsunami are typically about _____ high in the open ocean, and 6-15 m high on reaching shallow water.
A.0.1m B.1m C.5m D.20m E.30m |
B.1m
|
|
|
31.Tsunami arrive as a series of several waves separated by periods typically in the _________ range.
A.1-6 second B.10-60 second C.1-6 minute D.10-60 minute E.1-6 hour |
D.10-60 minute
|
|
|
32.What contributed to the high intensity of the 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes?
A.abundance of transform faults in the region B.hot spots in the region C.abundance of saturated, soft sediments in the region D.accommodation in the Basin and Range region E.strong subduction forces in the region |
C.abundance of saturated, soft sediments in the region
|
|
|
33.Geologists have shown that the east coast of the United States faces a serious tsunami threat from _________.
A.large earthquakes offshore of Portugal B.break up of Antarctic ice shelves C.landslides along the white cliffs of Dover D.volcanic flank collapse in the Canary Islands E.meteor impact in the Mediterranean Sea |
D.volcanic flank collapse in the Canary Islands
|
|
|
34.When compared to California, seismic energy in the eastern U.S. is _______________.
A.transmitted more effectively in the older, more solid rocks B.transmitted more effectively in the younger, more solid rocks C.transmitted less effectively in the older, more solid rocks D.transmitted less effectively because the earthquakes are smaller E.transmitted less effectively in the younger, more solid rocks |
A.transmitted more effectively in the older, more solid rocks
|
|
|
35.We know that the part of California on the Pacific plate will not break off in a giant earthquake and sink into the Pacific Ocean because ______.
A.of isostasy B.convective forces C.the San Andreas fault is a thrust fault, not a normal fault D.the Pacific plate is being subducted beneath California instead E.oceanic circulation |
A.of isostasy
|
|
|
36.In August 1986, a gigantic volume of gas belched forth from Lake Nyos in Cameroon and swept down the adjacent valleys asphyxiating 1700 people. The gas was ______________.
A.hydrogen sulfide B.carbon dioxide C.super heated H2O D.carbon monoxide E.sulfur dioxide |
B.carbon dioxide
|
|
|
37.The destructive power of tsunami comes primarily from the ...
A.great height of waves B.great speeds of travel C.great wavelengths D.all of the choices are correct |
C.great wavelengths
|
|
|
38.The New Madrid earthquakes are apparently related to _______________.
A.an old buried plume B.an old buried transform fault C.an old buried rift zone D.an old buried subduction zone E.an old buried hazardous waste dump |
C.an old buried rift zone
|
|
|
39.Rough or blocky textured lava flows are referred to as _______, while smooth, ropy lavas are referred to as________.
A.pillow; aa B.aa; pillow C.aa; pahoehoe D.pahoehoe; aa |
C.aa; pahoehoe
|
|
|
40.The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase _____________.
A.the percentage of SiO2 B.the viscosity C.the explosive potential of the magma by holding in the gases more tightly D.All of the choices are correct. |
D.All of the choices are correct.
|
|
|
41. Which state accounts for the greatest percentage of all U.S. earthquakes of magnitude 3.5 and above?
A. Washington B. Nevada C. Alaska D. California E. Hawaii |
C. Alaska
|
|
|
42. What is a lahar?
A. it is pyroclastic material that is larger than a cobble size B. a large billowing ash cloud of pyroclastic material that is rising in a column above the volcano C. water mixes with previously erupted pyroclastic material to create a mudflow D. a fast moving cloud of hot ash and pyroclastic material that flows down the sides of a volcano |
C. water mixes with previously erupted pyroclastic material to create a mudflow
|
|
|
43. Approximately _______ of Earth's volcanism takes place over hot spots.
A. 90% B. 80% C. 60% D. 40% E. 10% |
E. 10%
|
|
|
44. When is the best time for an earthquake to occur in California to minimize loss of life?
A. in the middle of the day when people are in school or working B. during rush hour when people are not in buildings C. during the night, when most people are home and asleep D. it doesn't matter what time of the day it occurs |
C. during the night, when most people are home and asleep
|
|
|
45. The pacific Northwest United States has not had a major earthquake in 200 years; however, large earthquakes have happened in the past including one on January 26, 1700. What evidence supports that?
A. eyewiness accounts B. correlation between tree rings C. tsunami records from Japan D. all answers are correct E. B & C only |
E. B & C only
|
|
|
46. The spreading-center segment at the southern end of California's Salton Sea is marked by all BUT which of the following?
a. major geothermal energy resevoirs B. boiling mud pots C. high heat flow D. glassy volcanic domes E. lack of small earthquakes |
E. lack of small earthquakes
|
|
|
47. What caused the extremely explosive part of the Mt. St Helens eruption that caused this event to be famous?
A. there was a landslide that released pressure on the magma causing a blast and a pyroclastic flow B. there was large eruption of pahoe hoe lava that engulfed a town C. there were mudslides that occurred because of snow melt from the heat of the volcano D. there was a toppling of a volcanic which caused a pyroclastic flow |
A. there was a landslide that released pressure on the magma causing a blast and a pyroclastic flow
|
|
|
48. Most of the really large earthquakes in the world are due to _______________.
A. subduction at convergent boundaries B. strike slip motion between plate boundaries C. thrust faulting within a single plate D. normal faulting at spreading ridges |
A. subduction at convergent boundaries
|
|
|
49. The state (other than Alaska) most likely to have a magnitude 9 or larger earthquake in the next several hundred years is _________.
A. California B. Washington C. Nevada D. Missouri E. South Carolina |
B. Washington
|
|
|
50. ________ eruptions are the most violent types of explosive eruptions.
A. Vulcanian-type B. Plinian-type C. Hawaiian-type D. Icelandic-type E. Pompeiian-type |
B. Plinian-type
|
|
|
51. A locked zone of a fault system will release its stored energy by
A. melting rocks B. small and infrequent earthquakes C. frequent and small earthquakes D. frequent and large earthquakes |
D. frequent and large earthquakes
|
|
|
52. The charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 occurred along a seismic belt that may be related to ___________.
A. an ancient subduction zone beneath the Appalacian Mountains B. tectonic stresses transmitted across the North continent from California C. canal building prior to the Civil War D. an adjacent oceanic fracture zone on the Atlantic seafloor E. remnants of the African plate attached to North America |
D. an adjacent oceanic fracture zone on the Atlantic seafloor
|
|
|
53. Which of the following lists orders eruption types from lowest to highest water content?
A. Hawiian/icelandic, vulcanian, plinian, strombolian B. Strombolian, plinian, vulcanian, hawiian/icelandic C. plinian, vulcanian, strombolian,hawiian/icelandic D. hawaiian/icelandic, strombolian, vulcanian, plinian |
D. hawaiian/icelandic, strombolian, vulcanian, plinian
|
|
|
54. The most peaceful eruptions are _____________.
A. vulcanian eruptions B. strombolian eruptions C. icelandic type eruptions D. plinian eruptions E. surtseiyan eruptions |
C. icelandic type eruptions
|
|
|
55. Low viscosity magma is _____ than high viscosity magma and generally exhibits ______ style eruptions
A. hotter; peaceful B. hotter; explosive C. cooler; peaceful D. cooler; explosive |
A. hotter; peaceful
|
|
|
56. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake occured on the San Andreas fualt which is a ______ fault
A. normal B. reverse C. right lateral strike slip D. thrust E. left lateral strike slip |
C. right lateral strike slip
|
|
|
57. The viscosity of magma is lowered by any of the choices below except
A. decreasing SiO2 content B. increasing temperature C. decreasing temperature D. decreasing crystal content |
C. decreasing temperature
|
|
|
58. In volcanoes found in subductinos zones, what is the origin of the main source of magma?
A. melting of themantle aided by a mantle plume B. melting of the lithosphere by a mantle plume C. melting of the upper mantle above the subducting plate aided by water D. melting of the subducting plate aided by water |
C. melting of the upper mantle above the subducting plate aided by water
|
|
|
59. Earthquakes in Hawaii are mostly related to __________
A. strike-slip faulting along the Hawaiian Islands tranform fault B. subduction along the Pacific plate margin C. movement of volcanic magma beneath the ground D. the Emperor seamounts of colliding E. lava flows erupting from the volcanic craters |
C. movement of volcanic magma beneath the ground
|
|
|
60. Organic material in sediment layers can be dated by measuring the amount of radioactive ________ present.
A. carbon B. helium C. hydrogen D. uranium E. potassium |
A. carbon
|
|
|
61. Tsunami would generally go unnoticed if you were...
A. on an island, that is close to sea level B. in a boat anchored in a harbor C. on the beach D. in a canoe, in the middle of the ocean E. in a boat, close to the shore |
D. in a canoe, in the middle of the ocean
|
|
|
62. What rock heats and liquefies into a magma its volume____________.
A. does not change B. decreases due to sublimation C. decreases and neighboring brittle rock collapses to make up for the loss of volume D. expands, and neighboring brittle rock must fracture and move out of the way |
D. expands, and neighboring brittle rock must fracture and move out of the way
|
|
|
63. A caldera collapse occurrs_______.
A. in the middle of the eruption B. millions of years after the volcanoes final dying eruption C. after the magma chamber is mostly empty D. before the eruption starts E. at the onset of Vulcanian activity |
C. after the magma chamber is mostly empty
|
|
|
64. Most tsunami are formed because of...
A. subduction zones B. hot spots C. strike-slip faults D. divergent zones |
A. subduction zones
|
|
|
65. The largest historic tsunami wave run-up ever recorded was caused by a massive rockfall into the water at ____________.
A. Kilauea, Hawaii B. Gibraltar C. Africa, Chili D. Crecent City, California E. Lituya Bay, Alaska |
E. Lituya Bay, Alaska
|
|
|
66. ____________ is the tectonic setting of the Basin and Range, producing numerous ______ faults.
A. extension, normal B. extension; reverse C. subduction; normal D. subduction; reserve E. none are correct |
A. extension, normal
|
|
|
67. Tsunami typically have ________ relative to wind-blown waves.
A. long periods and no measurable wavelengths B. short periods and short wavelengths C. short and long wavelengths D. long periods and long wavelengths E. long periods and short wavelengths |
D. long periods and long wavelengths
|
|
|
68. _________ in the Aegean Sea underwent an explosive series of eruptions around 1628 B.C.E that buried the Bronze Age city of Akrotiri on Thera to depth of 70 meters.
A. Mt. Pele B. Stromboli C. Santorni D. Krakotoa E. Vesuvius |
C. Santorni
|
|
|
69. Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silcon-oxygen ___________.
A. dihedron B. tetrahedron C. hexahedron D. dodecahedron E. trihedron |
B. tetrahedron
|
|
|
70. The presence of water _________ the melting point of rock.
A. raises B. lowers C. does not change D. may raise or may lower |
B. lowers
|
|
|
71. What is the cause of volcanism at italy's Vesuvius, Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna
A. the subduction of Mediterranean sea floor beneath Africa. B. Rifting along Mid-Atlantic Ridge C. The continent-continent collision of Africa and Europe D. The subduction of Mediterranean sea floor beneath Europe. |
D. The subduction of Mediterranean sea floor beneath Europe.
|
|
|
72. The greatest amount of damage associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was related to
A. fires B. tsunami C. landslides D. collapse of buildings E. ground subsidence |
A. fires
|
|
|
73. In 1985, this volcano produced a minor eruption that melted part of a glacier near its summit, sending a lahar down its slopes and killing at least 22,000 people:
A. Nevada Del Ruiz, Columbia B. Popocatepetyl, Mexico C. Mt. Mayon, Phillippines D. Vesuvius, Italy E. Mont Pelee, Martinique |
A. Nevado Del Ruiz, Columbia
|
|
|
74. Active volcanoes today in Oregon and Washington, including Mt. St. Helens, result from ___________.
A. the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath North America. B. spreading of the Juan de Fuca ridge C. heat generated by friction on the San Andreas Fault D. continent-continent collision E. the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America |
E. the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America
|
|
|
75. The dominant volcanic gas (commonly 90% or more of total gas) is _______.
A. sulfer dioxide (Si02) B. carbon dioxide (CO2) C. carbon monoxide (CO) D. water vapor (H2O) E. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) |
D. water vapor (H2O)
|
|
|
76. The great 1700 earthquake along the British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon coastline sent killer tsunami to ________.
A. Hawaii B. Chili C. Australia D. Japan E. Alaska |
D. Japan
|
|
|
77. What are harmonic tremors?
A. earthquakes produce at transform faults B. earthquakes produced by human activity C. nearly continuous and relatively small earthquakes produced by moving magma D. stronger earthquakes produced when seismic waves pass through rock at the resonant frequency |
C. nearly continuous and relatively small earthquakes produced by moving magma
|
|
|
78. Most tsunami travel at speeds of __________ miles per hour.
A. 4.2-4.8 B. 42-48 C. 420-480 D. 4200-4800 E. 42,000-48,000 |
C. 420-480
|
|
|
79. Detailed mapping of the ocean bottom around the Hawiian Islands revealed a previously unrecognized tsunami source. What did geologic discover on the seafloor in this area?
A. a deep ocean trench along a subduction zone B. a system of major oceanic transform faults C. a huge undersea meteor crater D. slumps and debris avalanches formed by volcanic flank collapse E. a major undersea volcano |
D. slumps and debris avalanches formed by volcanic flank collapse
|
|
|
80. The three V's of volcanology are ____________.
A. viscosity, volatiles, velocity B. viscosity, volatiles, volume C. volatiles, velocity, variability D. volatiles, volume, variability E. viscosity, velocity, volume |
B. viscosity, volatiles, volume
|
