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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are how many elements and how many minerals in Bowen's Reaction Series?
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8 - 6
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The eight Elements in Bowen's Reaction Series are?
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Oxygen
Silicon Aluminum Iron Magnesium Calcium Sodium Potassium |
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The 6 mineral in Bowen's Reaction Series are?
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Olivine
Pyroxene Amphibole Micas Feldspars Quartz |
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Orthoclase Feldspar is _________ rich?
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sodium
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Plagioclase Feldspar is __________ rich?
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calcium
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Which minerals are on the discontinuous side?
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Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, micas, feldspars, quartz
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__________ is part of the process that recirculates chemicals through the crust.
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Weathering
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Physical weathering causes _______ of the parent rock.
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disintegration
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Chemical weathering causes __________ of the parent rock.
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decomposition
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______________ affects rocks formed deep within the earth, requires removal of overburden, aka exfoliation.
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Pressure release
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______________ requires a temperate climate, effective in join rocks, works because water expands as it freezes.
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freeze thaw
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Pressure releases are prevalent in places like Stone Mountain, Georgia and Yellowstone. What other places can pressure releases be seen?
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Man made phenomenons like Limestone mines.
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The chemical addition of oxygen is known as _________.
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oxidation
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What three terms are associated with chemical weathering?
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oxidation, hydrolysis, and dissolution
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The chemical addition of water is called ______________.
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hydrolysis
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The ionic separation of a mineral in a solvents is called _____________.
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dissolution
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Calcite + Rain = Ca2 + 2HCO3- is what?
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Dissolution
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Feldspar + Water = Salt + Silica + Clay Mineral is what?
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Hydrolysis
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What goes to the oceans to make shells or is used as cement in sedimentss?
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Silica
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_____ is left behind after hydrolysis as residuum to make soils and sediment.
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Clay minerals
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_________ is formed from hydrolysis of feldspars in a granite.
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clay
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In hydrolysis, the end point is when ______ is altered to Bauxite.
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kaolinite (clay)
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_____ is the only economically viable source of Aluminum on the planet.
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Bauxite
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Bauxite = __________
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Aluminum
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Kaolinite = ___________
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Clay
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The main controls in hydrolysis are?
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particle size
climate parent rock |
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____________ occurs in tropical and humid climates.
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chemical weathering
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__________ occurs in temperate and arid/humid climates.
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Physical Weathering
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The minerals at the top of Bowen's Reaction Series on the discontinuous side are __________ weathered.
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Easily
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The minerals at the bottom of Bowen's Reaction Series on the discontinuous side are __________ weathering.
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resistant to
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When it comes to weathering, which mineral will survive the longest?
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Quartz
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Unconsolidated rock and mineral fragments is called __________.
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regolith
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Products of weathering plus organic material is called _____________.
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soil
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In soils, there are four areas.
O = |
thin layer of organic matter
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In soils, there are four areas.
A = |
zone of leaching
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In soils, there are four areas.
B = |
zone of accumulation
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In soils, there are four areas.
C = |
partially altered to unaltered parent material
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_________ is part of a process that re-circulates chemicals through the crust.
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weathering
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Physical Weathering:
_________ requires warm water and cold water (temperate climate) to occur. |
freeze thaw
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Physical weathering causes ________ of square surface area.
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increase
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Yosemite and Stone Mountain are examples of ___________ as a weathering type.
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exfoliation
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A man made exfoliation occurs at limestone mines. The miners remove heavy chunks of limestone and it causes ____________.
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pressure release
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___________ will attack anything that contains iron.
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oxidation
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Two positives repel each other in ____________.
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dissolution
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An example of dissolution is a salt block. Why?
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Because it can be dissolved in water and can be put back together with the evaporation of water
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Dissolution happens when temperatures _________.
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increase
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To reverse Dissolution, the temperatures need to _______.
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decrease
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What happens when we take carbon out the air?
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it cools down the atmosphere
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Dissolution dissolves carbon into water, deposits into the ocean, then gets used in __________ that die and sink to the ocean floor?
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shells
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Why isn't the ocean getting saltier?
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The salt is being subducted into the mantle
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The hydrolysis process keeps happening until what?
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bauxite is produced
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What is the end of the line mineral for hydrolysis?
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bauxite
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The closer to the earth's surface temps, the more _________ the rock.
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stable
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Plagioclase is destroyed by _____________.
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rain/hydrolysis
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_________ is what's left after weathering has reached its final stage.
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quartz
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Regolith is prevalent on ________.
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the moon
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Soil is not prevalent on ________.
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the moon
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Weathering leads to _________
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sedimentation
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____ releases grains and ions from parent rocks.
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weathering
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______ moves grains and ions to a new location.
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transport
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___________ occurs when grains are deposited in a new environment.
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sedimentation
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__________ occurs when sediments are covered by more sediment.
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burial
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______ occurs as a result of compaction and cementation.
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lithification
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All post-burial change can be called ______
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diagenisis
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What are the 4 agents of transport?
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water, wind, ice, gravity
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What are the 4 mechanisms of transport?
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clays and dissolved ions
sands and gravel suspended load' bed load |
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Abrasion and sorting are the results of what?
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transportation
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Abrasion =
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rounding and smoothing
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Sorting =
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size, hardness, and chemistry
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Transitional sediments are located where?
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in the lagoons, delta, beaches
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Lithification is also known as what?
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diagenesis
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In compaction and cementation the void space gets filled in with what?
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cement
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What acts as the glue when cementation occurs?
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silica
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Other cements besides silica include what?
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calcite and limonite
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______ is a cement in sand.
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limonite
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What are the two classes of sediment?
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detrital and chemical
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_____ sediments are made from grains liberated during physical weathering.
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detrital
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Detrital =
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clastic sediments
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Grain sediments like gravel and mud are ____________.
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clastic
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_______ sediments are made from ions liberated during chemical weathering.
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chemical
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Salt left behind from lakes are __________.
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evaporites
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Shell sediments are ______.
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biogenic sediments
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75% of the earth is comprised of mudstone, shale, clay, mud. These all form by what?
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hydrolysis
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Why are mudstone, shale, clay and mud the most abundant?
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because the most abundant mineral is feldspar so there is a lots to hydrolysize
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The amount of energy in the system and the size of the grains determines what?
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how far they get transported
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Making sediment into rock is?
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lithification
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What are the 4 agents of transport?
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water
wind ice gravity |
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Why does it take a lot of energy to move clay?
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because it floculates (sticks together)
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Detrital sediments are also known as what?
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clastic
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Clastic means the rocks are?
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touching each other
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___________ are clastic sediments large grains of >2mm.
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conglomerates
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>2m =
2m to 63 microns = <63 microns = |
gravel
sand mud |
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Matrix supported means?
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rocks are not touching
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Clastic supported means?
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rocks are touching
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Polymictic means the conglomerate is?
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lots of rocks are present
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Monomictic means the conglomerate?
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has only one rock
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In a matrix supported conglomerate, the sand does what?
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supports the pebbles
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What are the three conditions of conglomerates?
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Matrix versus Clast
Polymictic versus monomictic Angular versus rounded |
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Matrix versus clast tells us what?
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process of deposition
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Polymictic versus monomictic tells us what?
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source area
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angular versus rounded tells us what?
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distance traveled and time
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Beaches are?
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clast/poli
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Glaciers are?
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matrix/poli
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Sands contains what three things?
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quartz
feldspars lithic fragments |
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Arkosic sand has had what kind of weathering?
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chemical
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Lithic sand has had what kind of weathering?
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physical
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Muds and clays are less than whan what?
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63 microns
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Aerobic or anaerobic means?
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oxygen or not oxygen
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Quiet energy, aerobic or anaerobic are conditions of deposition for what?
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mud and clay
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Is the depth of water important to the conditions of deposition for clay and mud?
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no
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Stagnant anaerobic conditions produce what kind of mud?
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black muds
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And example of lacustrine conditions is?
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Lake Baikal
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Lake Baikal is __________ in the summer and _________ in the winter.
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aerobic
anaerobic |
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______ conditions occur after flooding where all the clays and muds get deposited on the banks.
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fluvial conditions
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Mud that is in suspension is called what?
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shoreline conditions
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Shoreline conditions consist of lagoonal and/or ________ muds.
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Tidal
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Where does some of the mud on the ocean floor coming from?
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The continental slope
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Besides the continental slope, where else does the mud in the ocean come from?
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organisms piling up on the ocean floor and pyroclastics
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Cherts, limestone, evaporites, and coal are all what?
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chemical sediments
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Cherts and limestone are what?
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biogenic sediments
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Evaporites are what?
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chemical precipitates
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Chert =
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Silica Mud
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What creates mud?
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organisms grab ions from water, make shells, have sex, die, sink to the bottom and create the mud
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Chalk =
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lime mud, which piles up together to make solid rock
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_____ is produced by plants living on the sea floor. Has to be in 30 meters of water and 30 meter north or south of the equator.
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Micrite
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______ looks like sand grains and form in lagoons where there is tidal movement back and forth.
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Oolites
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In tidal pools with movement back and forth, calcite gets deposited on the outside of bacteria to form a ________.
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ooid
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Bioclastic limestones are made up of what?
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bigger chunks of shells
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Where can you find bioclastic limestones?
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close to the beach because of wave movement that breaks up the shell, coral, and sponges
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Shell rock =
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Coquina
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Millions of individual shells that are not broken up but are cemented together is called?
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coquina
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What cements the shell rock or coquina?
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marine water
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Gypsum, anhydrite, halite, and borax are all what?
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evaporites
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Rock salt is?
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halite
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_________ really isn't a sediment but is produced with sediment.
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coal
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What is used to turn wood into coal?
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heat
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The result of altering any pre-existing rock is called _________.
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metamorphic rocks and processes
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As much as 85% of total continental crust is composed of __________.
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metamorphic rock
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________ may cause new minerals to grow, new fabrics to develop, and destroy original minerals and/or fabrics.
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metamorphism
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Meta =
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change
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Morphos =
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form
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Parent rock =
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protolith
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Heat, pressure, and fluid =
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metamorphism
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______ events are normally closed systems.
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metamorphic
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______ events are normally open systems.
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metasomatic
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What are the three types of heating?
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contact heating, subduction heating, and burial heating
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________, ________, and _________ lead to formation of new fabrics and minerals at the expense of old minerals and fabrics.
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heat, pressure, and fluid
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An example of lithostatic pressure is?
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the Styrofoam cups
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Does Sand have cleavage?
Marbles don't line up. |
no
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Does mud have cleavage?
Cards start to line up. |
yes
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Minerals realigning themselves during pressure creates a line of least resistance. This causes ____________.
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metamorphic cleavage
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Water associated with magma is?
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hydrothermal fluid
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___________ is corrosive to parent rocks, create a new fleet of minerals and leaves minerals.
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Hydrothermal fluid
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Hydrothermal fluid is a __________ product.
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metasomatic
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__________ __________ occurs around igneous intrusions.
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contact metamorphism
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What are the three types of metmorphism?
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contact
dynamic regional |
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Size of the intrusion, temperature of the intrusion, and new minerals are all ___________ on contact events.
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controls
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The ___________ the intrusion, the more heat has to be lost over time.
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larger
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New minerals are formed at contact events and ______ from the intrusion is important.
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distance
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Contact metamorphism has indicator minerals. What are they?
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Chlorite
Biotite Garnet Staurolite Kyanite Silimanite |
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___________ metamorphism happens where rocks are being pressed against each other.
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dynamic
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In dynamic metamorphism, temps are ________ and pressure is __________.
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low/high
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In dynamic metamorphism, the rocks get what?
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crushed
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An example of dynamic metamorphism is what?
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mylonite
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__________ metamorphism happens where two continents are colliding.
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regional
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___________ happens concurrently with contact and dynamic metamorphism.
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regional
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What are the two types of metamorphic rock?
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foliated and non-foliated.
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Foliated metamorphic rock has a lot of what in it?
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minerals
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Which type of metamorphic rock is normally polymineralic protoliths?
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foliated
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Which type of metamorphic rock has mineral allignment?
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foliated
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There are 4 stages to foliated metamorphic rocks. What are they?
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Slate
Schist Gneiss Migmatite |
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Slate is created with what?
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pressure
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Schist is created with what kind of heat?
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medium heat
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Gneiss is created with what kind of heat?
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high heat
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Migmatite is created with what kind of heat?
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really high heat, 60% melt
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Migmatite will only occur at what?
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continent to continent collisions
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Schists contain a lot of what?
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micas
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____________ metamorphic rock has no preferred alignment of materials.
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non-foliated
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What are the 4 stages of non-foliated metamorphic rock?
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Quartzite
Marble Purest marbles hornfels |
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How can you tell how much a rock is metamorphized?
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the impurities in the rock surrounding it
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_________ is a product of melted sand grains that make quartz crystals that are glued together.
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Quartzite
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What is marble most made of?
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calcite/limestone
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________ is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that occurs right next to an igneous intrusion.
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hornfels
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Like welding, _______ melts and then instantly refreezes.
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hornfels
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___________ are a set of characteristics that define something.
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facies
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_______ _____________ is the arrangement of details that make each rock unique and only occur under certain conditions. (temp/pressure)
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metamorphic facies.
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_________ share the same chemistry, but have different crystal structures.
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polymorphs
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