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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Within the ________, scientists might study things like the layers of the Earth.
(sphere) |
Geosphere
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When scientists are studying global weather systems, they are studying the interactions between the _______ and the __________. (sphere)
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Atmosphere, Hydrosphere
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The final system is the _______, and it involves the study of all of the life on Earth.
(sphere) |
Biosphere
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5 areas of Earth Science: The first area is outside of Earth's atmosphere and includes things like stars and other planets.
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Astronomy
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5 areas of Earth Science:
This area includes the study of weather and the atmosphere. |
meteorology
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5 areas of Earth Science: The study of the materials that make up the Earth is called _______. It also studies the ancient environments and life forms of Earth.
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Geology
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5 areas of Earth Science: The study of Earth's oceans and the life within them.
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Oceanography
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The study of the interactions of organisms and their surroundings.
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Environmental Science
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The series of procedures that helps scientists conduct experiments is...
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scientific method
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A testable explanation of a situation that can be supported or disproved.
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Hypothesis
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The factor in an experiment that can be adjusted by the experimenter.
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Independent variable
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This factor is affected by the changes that the experimenter made.
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Dependent variable
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Used to show the results of an experiment are a result of the tested conclusion.
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control
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An imaginary line that circles the globe midway between the poles.
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equator
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The imaginary line that crosses through Greenwich, England, used for longitude.
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Prime Meridian
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imaginary lines that denote distance from the equator.
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latitude lines
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imaginary lines that denote distance from east or west of the prime meridian
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longitudinal lines or meridians.
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The science of mapmaking
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cartography
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This explains what the symbols on the map represent...
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legend
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This type of map shows the different rock types in an area
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geologic
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true or false
the space between lines on a contour map is called the contour line? |
False
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true or false
the global postioning satellite system can accurately identify your elevation with 2 satellites |
False, they need 3
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true or false, geological maps help scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations
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True
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The end of which era is marked by the largest extinction event in Earth's history? cenozoic, mesozoic, or paleozoic?
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paleozoic
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how old is the mammoth's tusk if 25% of the original c-14 remains in the sample? The half-life of c-14 is 5,730 years.
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11,460 years
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which is the smallest division of geologic time?
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epoch
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which geologic principle is used when a geologist observes an outcrop of rocks and determines that the bottom layer is the oldest?
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superposition
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uranium-238 breaks down into thorium-234, which is thorium in relation to uranium?
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daughter
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the record of earth's history to the present
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geologic time scale
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a gap in the rock record caused by erosion
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unconformity
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the emission of radioactive isotopes AND THE resultant change over time.
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radioactive decay
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The largest division of time in the geologic time scale?
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eon
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the matching of unique outcrops among regions...
(choices: radioactive decay, correlation, or unconformity?) |
correlation
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Which rock is the youngest?
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the one that is on the very top.
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Which rock is the oldest?
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The one on the bottom.
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what is a disconformity?
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A type of unconformity in which the rock layers are parallel.
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what is an angular unconformity?
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Angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.
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Which sedimentary rock is used to make cement for the construction industry?
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limestone
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what is the relative age of an intrusion, name the principles you applied.
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It is younger than what it cuts across. (principle of cross-cutting) It is older than what is above it. (superposition)
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the phanerozoic eon includes the paleozoic, mesozoic, and ___________ era?
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cenozoic
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an example of a fossil with original preservation includes a(n)
a- insect in amber b- mold of a shell c- dinosaur footprint |
a- insect in amber
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an example of a trace fossil includes
a- cast of a clam b- worm trail c- insect in amber |
b- worm trail.
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c-14 has a half life of 5,730 years. How many half-lives have passed after 11,560 years?
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2
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What percentage of carbon-14 remains after 2 half-lives?
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25%
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An _____ is a mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for a profit.
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ore
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a ________ is a valuable mineral prized for its rarity and beauty.
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gem
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The way a mineral reflects light from its surface is called _________.
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luster
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A minerals' _______ is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.
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streak
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If a mineral splits easily and evenly along one or more planes, it has the property of _______.
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cleavage
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Identification tests of minerals are based on their
a-scientific names b- physical and chemical properties c- color |
B- physical and chemical properties
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The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees celcius is its
a-specific gravity b-weight c-density |
specific gravity, A
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A mineral's hardness with respect to other minerals can be determined by ....
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The Mohs Scale of Hardness
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Lodestone can pick up iron filings. What special property does lodestone have?
a-magnetism b-fluorescence c-double refraction |
a- magnetism
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Hardness is the measure of how easily a mineral can be
a-broken b-identified c-scratched |
c-scratched
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Describe how minerals form with an emphasis on the source and crystal size.
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They can form from evaporation of a super-saturated solution. Also, they can form from cooling magma. If it cools quickly, the crystals are smaller and vice versa.
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Name the two most common elements in Earth's crust AND what mineral group that those 2 form.
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Silicon and oxygen, they form silicates.
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List two reasons petroleum is not a mineral.
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1. It is not a solid and 2.it is organic
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Predict the success of a lab test in which students plan to compare the streak of fluorite, quartz, and feldspar.
Will it work? Why or Why Not? |
No, it will not work because those minerals are not metallic. The streak is white. It will not show up on a white streak plate.
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Gases escape from this as it flows out onto Earth's surface.
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lava
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This diagram describes the order in which minerals crystallize.
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Bowen's reaction series
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This forms deep beneath Earth's crust.
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magma
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Igneous texture with large and fine grain minerals.
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porphyritic
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Igneous rocks that cool quickly.
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extrusive
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Which is the 1st mineral to form in cooling magma?
A- quartz B- mica C- olivine |
olivine C
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Which type of magma has the most silica?
a, Basaltic, b,rhyolitic, or c, andesitic? |
b, rhyolitic.
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Which does not affect the formation of magma?
A-volume B- temperature c-pressure |
a- volume
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which type of ultrabasic rock ssome times contains diamond?
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kimberlites
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What term describes igneous rock that crystallizes inside Earth?
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intrusive
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Rock that forms when molten material cools and crystallizes is called _____ rock.
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igneous
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Classification of igneous rock is based on _______ composition, crystal size, and _______
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mineral, texture
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The rate of cooling determines ______ size
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crystal
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Ores often occur in ______ and diamonds often occur in ________.
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pegmatites, kimberlites
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_______ is classified as basaltic, _______, or rhyolitic based on its silica content.
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Magma, andesitic
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Magma consists of molten ____, dissolved _______, and mineral crystals.
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rock, gases
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Compare gabbro and basalt.
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Gabbro and basalt have low silica content. They are both mafic rock.
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Contrast gabbro and basalt.
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Gabbro is intrusive, basalt is extrusive. Therefore, gabbro is coarse-grained and basalt is fine-grained.
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Determine whether quartz or plagioclase feldspar is more likely to form a well-shaped crystal in igneous rock, explain.
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Plagioclase feldspar is more likely to, because it will crystallize first. Then, the quartz will fill in the cracks that the feldspar left over. Quartz can't form well-shaped crystals that way.
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Explain why extrusive rocks can never have a coarse-grained texture.
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Extrusive rocks cool quickly. There is not enough time for large crystals to form. Extrusive rocks are fine-grained.
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The outermost electrons of an atom are...
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Valence electrons
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The center of an atom is...
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the nucleus
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The smallest particle of matter that retains its characteristics is an ..
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atom
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A tiny particle with a negative electrical charge is an ..
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electron
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The average of the mass numbers of an element's isotopes is..
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the atomic mass
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The combined number of protons and neutrons is the what?
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mass number
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what represents the area in an atom where an electron is most likey to be found.
an energy level or an isotope |
energy level
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what kind of bond is the attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons that holds the atoms together.
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covalent bond.
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an atom that gains or loses an electron is a charged particle called a(n) what?
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ion
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what is the substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances?
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an element
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the basic building blocks of matter are
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atoms
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the nucleus of an atom is made up of
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protons and neutrons
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many elements are mixtures of
solids, isotopes, or molecules? |
isotopes
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chemical behavior is determined by the number of electrons located in the
innermost, second, or outermost energy level? |
outermost
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solutions containing a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water are
bases, mixtures, or acids? |
acids
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the isotopes of neon-20 and neon-22 have the same chemical properties. explain why.
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they have the same number of protons and electrons. their number of neutrons differ.
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what do you call a hot, highly ionized, electrically conducting "gas"?
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plasma
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the change from a gas to a liquid?
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condensation
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a homogeneous mixture is aka a
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solution
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the attractive forces between two ions of opposite charge is
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ionic bond
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the spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation is...
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radioactive decay
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a combination of two or more components that retain their identity is
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a mixture
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the attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons that hold the atoms together
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covalent bond
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a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined
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compound
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a solution containing a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
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base
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bond in which valence electrons are shared by all atoms
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metallic bond
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composed of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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molecule
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the change of one or more substances into other substances
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chemical reaction
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the forces that hold together the elements in a compound
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chemical bonds
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t or f
the precambrian is the oldest part of the geologic time scale? |
true
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t or f
the precambrian lasted for about 4 billion years |
true
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t or f
the first organisms to live on earth were dinosaurs? |
false
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t or f
radiometric dating of zircon grains in sedimentary rock in australia indicate earth is 3.1 billion years old. |
false
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t or f
the oldest moon rocks collected are about 3.6 billion years old? |
false
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when earth formed, the dense element _____ was concentrated in Earth's core.
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iron
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The deepest and most stable part of the continent is called the _____.
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craton
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earth's ------ formed as a result of the uppermost mantle cooling
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crust
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the less-dense, continental crust is composed mostly of ________.
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granite
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the process by which a planet becomes zoned is called _______.
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differentiation
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what was the name of the first supercontinent, and what smaller land masses did it form?
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Rodinia was the first supercontinent; it was formed from Laurentia and Amazonia.
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what is an asteroid?
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A space rock between Mars and Jupiter
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What is a meteoroid?
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Part of an asteroid that has fallen onto Earth.
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What 3 things combined to make youndg Earth so extremely hot?
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1- Radioactive isotopes, earth's contraction, and asteroid and meteorite bombardment.
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What process is probably the reason for the formation of Earth's atmosphere?
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Outgassing
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What are the two major gases that come from volcanic outgassing?
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carbon dioxide and water vapor
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comp and contr prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus, eukaryotes do. They both contain genetic materials.
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What land feature is associated with orogenies?
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mountains
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Evaluate how red beds serve as evidence that there was oxygen gas in the atmosphere during the mid-Proterozoic?
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The oxygen in the atmosphere made them red in color
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What are the large mats of cyanobacteria called?
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stromatolites
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tiny, thread-like photosynthetic organisms
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cyanobacteria
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stable mineral that commonly occurs in granite
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zircon
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hot water vent at volcanic seafloor rift.
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hydrothermal vents
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fossils of soft-bodied Proterozoic organism
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ediacaran biota
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building blocks of proteins
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amino acids
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Explain what transgressions and regressions indicate.
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A change in sea level. Transgression- water goes in shore. Regession- water recedes.
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What orogeny occurred during the Paleozoic in Laurentia?
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Alleghanian Orogeny
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When did reptiles become the dominant terrestrial animals?
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mesozoic
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Assess the extent of glaciation during the Cenozoic.
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Covered 1/3 of all landmasses.
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A stacked sequence of _____-_______-________ indicates a regression.
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sandstone, shale, limestone
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sediments that are deposited adjacent to each other also end up in _______ __________ when sea levels change.
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vertical succession.
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When did the largest mass extinction occur?
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The end of the paleozoic Era.
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Ancient geographic setting of an area
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paleogeography
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continental edge with no tectonic activity
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passive margin
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mountain-building event names for the mountains of Eastern New York.
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Taconic Orogeny
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Sudden appearance of diverse organisms...
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cambrian explosion
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animal that walks on 2 legs
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bipedal
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mountain range in colorado formed by inland uplift.
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Ancestral Rockies.
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T or F, During the Triassic, Pangaea and two oceans defined Earth's paleogeography
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false
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t or f
The first birds, mammals and flowering plants appeared during the Cenozoic |
false
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t or f
As the climate cooled during the Cenozoic, forests gave way for grasslands to develop. |
true
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t or f
Early humans appeared about 6 million years ago, modern humans about 200,000 years ago. |
false
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t or f
There are marine fossils at the top of Mt. Everestbecause of a continental collision? |
true
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