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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List and define the branches of Earth Science
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Geology-the study of Earth's surface and interior
Astronomy-the study of the universe Meteorology-the study of Earth's atmosphere Oceanography-the study of the oceans |
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Describe the jobs of scientists in each branch
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Geologist-find new oil sources
Astronomer-study radiations sent to space Meteorologist-study effects of air pollution Oceanographer-study icebergs |
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Identify and compare the layers of the Earth
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Inner core-solid iron and nickel
Outer core-liquid iron and nickel Mantle-heavy rocks made of iron, magnesium, and silicon Crust-lighter rocks |
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Describe the Protoplanet Hypothesis
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Great Cloud of gas and dust was transformed into the planets and natural satellites that make up our solar system
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Describe the formation of Earth’s atmosphere
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Original atmosphere-Came from volcanoes; 50% water vapor w/large amounts of Carbon Dioxide and sulfer gases
NO OXYGEN |
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Describe the formation of Earth’s oceans
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Steam from volcanic gases and heat condensed into water to form oceans
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Describe the formation of Earth’s lithosphere/continents
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melted iron and nickel sank into Earth's core and forced the lighter rocks up to the Earth's surface
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Tell the age and true shape of the Earth
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age-4.55 to 5 billion years old
shape-oblate spheroid~a sphere that flattens at its poles and bulges at its equator |
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Describe the steps of the scientific method
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1-Problem
2-Hypothesis 3-Experiment 4-Data 5-Observations 6-Analysis 7-Conclusion |
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Atomic Mass
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The number of protons plus neutrons
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Atomic number
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The number of protons
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Ion
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electrically charged atom or group of atoms
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Isotopes
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atoms of the same chemical element with different atomic masses
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atom
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The smallest part of an element that has all of the properties of that element
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The most widely accepted theory on the moon’s origin
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Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a collision between Earth and a Mars sized object
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Identify the eight phases of the moon
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New Moon
Waxing Crescent Waxing Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Waning Quarter Waning Crescent |
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Waxing phases
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Waxes from new moon to full moon-illuminated on right
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Waning phases
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From full moon to new moon-Illuminated on left
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Lunar eclipse
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Only takes place during a full moon phase-moon passes into the Earth's umbra
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Solar eclipse
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Only occur at the new moon phase-occurs when the moon's umbra reaches Earth's surface
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Differentiate between the umbra and penumbra of the eclipses
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umbra-darkest part of shadow
penumbra-partial shadow surrounding the umbra |
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Explain the causes of the high and low tides
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Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. The pull of the sun is added to or subtracted from the moon's.
Higher-when sun and moon are on same side |
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Describe spring and neap tides
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Spring-new and full moons-sun and moon pull together-very high and very low tides
Neap-quarter moons-sun and moon pull against each other-small tidal range |
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Describe Earth’s rotation and revolution
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rotation-Earth turns as it travels around the sun
revolution-the movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun |
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weight
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gravitational pull on an object
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mass
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amount of material in an object or substance
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Describe and give the dates of aphelion and identify position in Earth’s orbit
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orbit it farthest from the sun-July 4
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Describe and give the date of perihelion and identify position in Earth’s orbit
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Orbit is nearest the sun-January 2
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astronomical units(AU)
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The average distance between Earth and the sun-about 150 million km
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light years(LY)
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The distance a ray of light travels in one year-about 9.5
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apparent magnitude
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How bright a star appears to an observer on Earth
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absolute magnitude
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The apparent magnitude of a star if placed 32.6 LYs from the sun
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galaxies
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a group of millions or even billions of stars held together by gravity
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Identify the 3 types of galaxies
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Spiral
Elliptical Irregular |
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constellation
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A group of stars that appears to form a pattern in the sky
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weather
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the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place
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climate
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typical weather patterns over a period of years in a given location
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List and describe the 3 ways heat is transferred
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Conduction
Convection Radiation |
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Describe the water vapor in the atmosphere
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enters air by evaporation-amount decreases with height
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List the most abundant gases in dry air
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Nitrogen-78%
Oxygen-21% |
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layers of Earth’s atmosphere
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Troposphere
(tropopause) Stratosphere (stratopause) Mesosphere Thermosphere |
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What ozonosphere does
Where it is What's causing it to destroy |
absorbs 99% of ultraviolet rays
Stratosphere release of CFC's into the atmosphere |
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Describe the Greenhouse Effect
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atmosphere absorbs long heat waves after suns short waves passed through it
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Possible causes of the Greenhouse Effect
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Release of CO2 and CFCs-glaciers could melt and raise sea levels all over world
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ozone
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form of oxygen gas
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Identify the types of stars on the H-R Diagram
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Supergiants
Giants Main Sequence White Dwarfs |
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Explain how a star the size of our sun will die
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Main Sequence
Red Giant White Dwarf Black Dwarf |
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Explain how a star five times larger than the sun might die
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Main Sequence
Supernova Neutron Star Black hole |
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solar flares
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a sudden outburst of energy that rises up in areas of sunspot activity
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solar prominences
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huge, red, flame-like arches of material that occur in the corona of the sun
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solar wind
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a stream of electrically-charged particles that are blown out from the sun in all directions
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Define auroras and explain their origin
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a glow in the nighttime sky produced in the upper atmosphere by solar radiation hitting Earth's magnetic field
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Describe the parts of a comet
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nucleus, coma, tail(points away from sun)
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Give the location of most asteroids
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Between Mars and Jupiter "Asteroid Belt"
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Describe the three types of spectra
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continuous-unbroken band of colors
bright-line-unevenly spaced series of lines of different colors and brightness dark-line-continuous spectrum w/dark lines where light is absorbed |
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Distinguish between optical and radio telescopes
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Optical-use lenses or mirrors to gather and focus starlight
radio-collects radio waves and feeds them to a receiver |
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Describe the difference between a reflecting telescope and a refracting telescope
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reflecting-uses one large curved mirror to gather and focus starlight
refracting-uses two lenses(objective and eyepiece) |
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Doppler Effect
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an apparent change in the wavelength of radiation-change in frequency of light or sound as it approaches and moves away from the observer
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Doppler Effect as it relates to red and blue shifts
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Blue shift-distance between star and Earth is decreasing;shorter wavelengths
Red shift-distance between star and Earth is increasing;longer wavelenghts |
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Volume
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Amount of space in an object
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Find the volume of a regular solid
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L×w×H(cm3)
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Find the volume of an irregular solid
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Displacement of water(ml)
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Find the volume of a liquid
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use a graduated cylinder(ml)
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Galileo
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First to have a telescope and turn towards the sky
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Kepler
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3 laws of planetary motion-got info from Tycho Brahe
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Newton
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universal law of gravitation, three laws of motion
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Tycho Brahe
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Made the first long-term sky observations(before telescope was invented)
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List and describe Newton’s 4 Laws
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1-Universal law of gravitation-grav. force is greater between objects of greater mass and less between objects of lesser mass(gravity,a force, keeps the planets in constant motion around the sun)
2-First law of motion-an object in motion will stay in motion unless a force is applied. An object at rest will stay at rest unless force applied 3-2nd law of motion- F = m a 4-3rd law of motion-for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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List and describe Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
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1-law of ellipses-planets travel in elliptical orbits w/sun at one of the two foci-planets distance from sun will change throughout its orbit
2-equal-area law-as a planet moves around the sun, an imaginary line joining the 2 will sweep over equal areas of space in equal periods of time-the speed at which a planet travels around the sun changes-planets travel faster when closer to the sun 3-harmonic law-P2=D3 |
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Tell what can be determined by the color of a star
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The hotness-hot stars are bluer in color and cool stars are redder in color
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Describe the relationship between the composition and age of a star
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If there is more helium than hydrogen then that means the star is older because over time the hydrogen uses fusion to convert to helium
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Define solstice and give the dates
Identify the location on Earth where the sun is overhead at noon on these days |
sol=sun;stice=stop
summer-June 21-longest period of daylight-sun is overhead at 23.5 degrees N latitude-Tropic of cancer winter-Dec.21-0 daylight-sun overhead at Tropic of Capricorn-23.5 degrees S latitude |
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Describe the three causes of Earth’s seasons
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1-the revolution of the Earth around the sun
2-the tilt of Earth's axis 3-the parallelism of Earth's axis |
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Give the dates of the equinoxes; describe the location of the suns Zenith at noon on these days, and the number of hours of daylight
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sun is directly overhead at the equator
N. Hem. daylight and nighttime are equal in Length 1-Vernal or spring equinox-the first day of spring(March 21) 2-Autumnal equinox-first day of fall(Sept. 23) |
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Define solstice and give the dates. Identify the location on Earth where the sun is overhead at noon on these days
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sol=sun;stice=stop
Summer-June 21, 1st day of summer, longest period of daylight, sun overhead at 23.5 degrees N latitude-Tropic of Cancer Winter-Dec. 21, first day of winter, 0 daylight, 23.5 degree S latitude- Tropic of Capricorn |
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Be able to tell the number of daylight hours at the North and South Poles on each solstice
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Summer-North pole-24 hr daylight
South pole-24 hr darkness Winter-North pole-24 hr darkness South pole-24 hr daylight |
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Describe the vertical rays from the sun and their effects on Earth
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Vertical-hotter b/c spreads over larger areas
Equator-nearly vertical rays all yr=hot climate Middle(U.S.)-near vertical rays in summer and less in winter Poles-never at near vertical angles=cold all yr |
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Identify the two lines of latitude between which the vertical rays always found
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Equator and the middle(U.S.) during the summer
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Explain how to find the mass of Liquid
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(mass of container + liquid) - (mass of container)
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Explain how to find the mass of a Solid
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triple beam balance(grams)
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Explain how to find the mass of a Sphere that rolls off the pan
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displacement of water
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Be able to find the density of solids and liquids
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d=m/v
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Describe and give the origin of lunar features
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layered structure
crust,mantle,core -Rays-highlands(lighter in color) -Maria-basins filled w/lava(darker in color)Galileo thought they were seas Basalt-Igneous(no crystals)fast cooling-on surface Gabbro-(larger crystals)slow cooling-below surface(heat trapped |
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Discuss periods rotation and revolution of the moon and why we always see the same side
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rate of rot. and rev. around Earth are same-path is elliptical and on an angle so sun only illuminates half of the moon(nearside)
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Describe gravity
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pull towards Earth's core
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Describe the sun’s core and nuclear fusion
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???
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Identify the location where light is made on the sun
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???
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Describe the sunspot cycle
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???
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List and describe the types of electromagnetic radiation
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???
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Describe the relationship between wavelength and frequency
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???
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Explain how a spectroscope works
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breaks down the "white" light coming from a celestial body into extremely detailed spectrum
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List stellar features and characteristics that can be identified by using a spectroscope
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temperature-looking at colors in the spectrum
chemical composition-looking at the lines to see what chemicals/elements are in it |
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Give evidence to support the Big Bang Hypothesis and expanding universe
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found red shifts showed that distant galaxies were receding from Earth faster than nearby galaxies-universe expanding
microwave radiation from space was echo of Big Bang |
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force
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F=ma
Push or pull on something |
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vector
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arrow that indicates direction
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acceleration
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The rate of change of velocity with respect to time
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inertia
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Newton's first law
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Distinguish between the control and variable in an experiment
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Variable changes in an experiment-independent(change on purpose)and Dependent(outcome to independent var.)
Control-variable that does not change-no effect on outcome |
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Describe and locate the subatomic parts of an atom
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neutron-nucleus(no charge)
proton-nucleus(+ charge) electron-electron cloud(- charge) |
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Explain how the tilt of Earth’s axis affects the weather and amount of daylight
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weather-sun heats different parts of earth b/c of tilt
daylight-Earth rotates around axis causes sun to light Earth for different periods of daylight |
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where on Earth would you weigh the most
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more at sea level than at the poles b/c Earth is oblate spheroid
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Identify the numbers of the brightest and dimmest stars
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first magnitude stars-brightest stars
dimmest stars-sixth magnitude stars |