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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a mineral?
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A natural, inorganic crystalline solid
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What does inorganic mean?
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Inorganic is a substance not made up of living things or the remains of living things
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How do you determine if a substance is a mineral or nonmineral?
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1) Is the substance inorganic?
2) Does it occur naturally? 3) Is the substance a solid in crystalline form? 4) Does the substance have a definite chemical composition? |
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What are common minerals called?
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Rock-forming minerals because they form the rocks of the earth's crust
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How many common minerals are there?
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There are 20 common minerals, but 10 of these make up 90% of the earth's crust
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Minerals can be classified into two groups. What are these groups?
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silicate minerals
nonsilicate minerals |
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How many of the ten most common minerals can you name?
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quartz calcite
orthoclase dolomite plagioclase halite muscovite gypsum biotite ferromagnesium |
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What are the characteristics of silicate minerals?
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Contain atoms of silicon (Si)
Contain atoms of oxygen (O) Most contain one or more different atoms Feldspars are the most common silicate mineral. |
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What causes different forms of feldspar minerals?
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The type of metal that combines with the silicon and oxygen
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What are some types of feldspar minerals?
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Othoclase- Si + O + Potassium (K)
Plagioclase- Si + O + Sodium (Na) and/or calcium (Ca) |
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What is quartz?
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Quartz is a silicate mineral made up only of silicon and oxygen atoms.
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What are ferromagnesian minerals?
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Silicate minerals that are rich in iron and magnesium.
Hornblende olivine muscovite biotite |
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How much of the earth's crust do silicate minerals make up?
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Silicate minerals make up 96% of the earth's crust.
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How much of the earth's crust is feldspar and quartz?
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50% of the earth's crust is feldspar and quartz
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What are nonsilicate minerals?
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Minerals that do not contain silicon
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What percent of the earth's crust is made up of nonsilicate minerals?
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4% of the earth's crust are nonsilicate minerals
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What are the six groups that nonsilicate minerals are divided into?
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Carbonates Halides
Native elements Oxides Sulfates Sulfides |
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All minerals on earth have the same structure. What is it called?
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Minerals have have a crystalline structure
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What is a crystal?
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A crystal is a natural solid with a definite shape.
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Why aren't there many large mineral crystals?
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Because the conditions under which minerals are produced does not allow for large single crytals to grow.
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Minerals most commonly consist of what?
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They consist of masses of small crystals (most are microscopic)
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How do scientists study the structures of crystals?
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By using x-ray images that show the geometric arrangement of the atoms or ions of the crystal
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All crystalline structures of silicate minerals have the same.......?
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Building blocks of four (4) oxygen atoms arranged in a pyramid with one (1) silicon atom in the center.
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Four oxygen atoms in a pyramid shape with a silicon atom in the center in called a ..............?
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A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (four-sided)
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How do tetrahedron crystals form?
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They form by the bonding of the atoms either with the oxygen or silicon atoms or with other tetrahedrons near them.
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Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra joined to atoms of elements other than silicon and oxygen are called
............... |
Ionic silicate materials
Ex: Olivine is a ferromagnesium mineral made when oxygen atoms of a tetrahedra bond with Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) atoms |
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What is a single chain silicate?
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When tetrahedron bonds to two other tetrahedra by shared oxygen atoms.
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What is a double chain silicate?
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Two chains of tetrahedra bond to each other
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What is pyroxene?
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Minerals made of a single-chain silicate
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What is amphiboles?
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Double-chain silicates
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What is mica?
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tetrahedra sheets are tetrahedra whose oxygen atoms have bonded with aluminum (Al) and potassium (K) atoms. Separate easily
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What is a tetrahedral sheet?
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Tetrahedra shares 3 oxygen atoms with other tetrahedra and one oxygen atom with potassium (K) or aluminum (Al).
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What is a network silicate?
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Network silicate, each tetrahedron is bonded to 4 other tetrahedra. Some contain only silicate-oxygen tetrahedra
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What is quartz?
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Quartz is a network silicate that is very hard (atoms bonded tightly)
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What is feldspar?
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Feldspar is a network silicate, with oxygen bonding to aluminum or other metals rather than silicate. Feldspar is not as strong as quartz
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