Earth Science Exam 3

Front 1

Crustal Deformation occurs...

Back 1

Along Plate Bondaries

Front 2

Aleutian (convergent boundary)

Back 2

Ocean-Ocean

Volcanic Island Arch

Front 3

Andean (convergent boundary)

Back 3

Ocean-Continent

Coastal Ranges

Front 4

Continental Accretion

Back 4

Continent-Continent

Appalachian Mountains

Oceanic material is plastered on edges

Front 5

Isostatic adjustment

Back 5

Less dense crust floats a top of denser crust

(cargo on ship)

Front 6

Relative Dating

Back 6

Placing rocks and events in their proper sequence of formation (one isyounger than the other)

Front 7

Superposition

Back 7

Oldest material appears on bottom and youngest material appears on top

Front 8

Original Horizontality

Back 8

Layers are positioned horizontally (if not, then altered)

Front 9

Cross-Cutting

Back 9

Younger feature cuts across older feature

(Rip cuts paper because paper is older)

Front 10

Inclusions

Back 10

Rock that is enclosed inside another rock

(rock inside is older)

Front 11

Unconformity

Back 11

Break in rock record due to erosion

(pages missing in a book)

Angular-easiest to spot

Front 12

Aging Earth

Back 12

Radiometric Dating space material

(lunar rocks and meteorites)

Front 13

Alpha Decay

Back 13

Losing 2 protons and 2 neutrons

Mass # drops by 4 and atomic # drops by 2

Front 14

Beta Decay

Back 14

Electron is lost and neutron becomes proton

Mass # remains the same while atomic # increases by 1

Front 15

Electron Capture

Back 15

Opposite of Beta

Electron gained and combined with proton to create neutron

Mass # remains the same while atomic #decreases by 1)

Front 16

Parent/Daughter

Back 16

Every parent produces a daughter

Front 17

1 Half-life of original 1000

Back 17

500 Parents

500 Daughters

Front 18

2 Half-life of original 1000

Back 18

250 Parents

750 Daughters

Front 19

3 Half-life of original 1000

Back 19

125 Parents

875 Daughters

Front 20

Carbon Dating

Back 20

Organic Material

Front 21

KT- Extinction

Back 21

Dinosaurs

Front 22

Epoch we are in...

Back 22

Holocene

After Ice Age 65 million years ago

Front 23

Echo Sounding Sonar

Back 23

Mapping the bottom of the Ocean

Front 24

Continental Shelf

Back 24

Directly off beach

Flooded extension of continent

Gentle slope

Front 25

Continental Slope

Back 25

Seaward edge of shelf

Pretty steep

Between Continental and Oceanic crust

Front 26

Continental Rise

Back 26

Becomes deep ocean

Thick accumulation of sediment

Front 27

Passive Margins

Back 27

Abyssal Plane (flattest place on Earth)

Shelf, slope and rise

No earthquakes, volcanoes or mountians

Front 28

Active Margins

Back 28

No rise

Mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes

Narrow shelf

Front 29

Submarine Canyons

Back 29

Extention of rivver valleys

Passive and Active Margins

Caused by turbidity currents and glacial periods (low sea level)

Front 30

Turbidity Currents

Back 30

Underwater landslide; graded bedding at bottombecause of rock deposited building up

Front 31

Fringing Coral Reef

Back 31

Attached to continent

Front 32

Barrier Coral Reef

Back 32

Open water or Lagoon before

Front 33

Atoll

Back 33

Circular Island without continent

Front 34

Biogenous sediment

Back 34

Calcareous is high point- dissolves in deeperwater; siliceous is dominate growing area

Front 35

Terrigenous sediments

Back 35

Dominates Sea Floor

Eroded sediment

Front 36

Hydrothermal Vents

Back 36

Chemosynthesis

Front 37

Ocean Acidification

Back 37

Carbon Dioxide released in atmosphere is absorbed by ocean -> Carbonic Acid

Front 38

What determined Density?

Back 38

Salinity and Tempurature

Front 39

Thermocline

Back 39

Temperature change with depth

Blocks nutrients from rising and water mixing

Front 40

Plankton

Back 40

Drifters

Most of Earth's Biomass

Front 41

Nekton

Back 41

Swimmers

Front 42

Benthos

Back 42

Live on or in bottom of ocean

Front 43

Deep Ocean Circulation

Back 43

Driven by density

Conveyor Belt

Front 44

Coastal Water Circulation

Back 44

Driven by wind

Front 45

Tides

Back 45

Moon (mostly) and sun driven

Front 46

Spring Tide

Back 46

Full Moon; sun, Earth and moon are lined up

Bulges are in same place

Front 47

Neap Tide

Back 47

Quarter moon; Right Angle

Tides are on opposite sides

Front 48

Wave Length

Back 48

Horizontal distance between crests

Front 49

Wave Period

Back 49

The time interval between the passage of twosuccessive crest

Front 50

Wave Velocity

Back 50

Wave Length divided by Wave Period

Distance divided by time

Wave moves not water

Front 51

What affects wave size

Back 51

Speed, duration and distance

Front 52

Wave Base

Back 52

Half wavelength

How deep

Front 53

Deep wave depth

Back 53

No interaction with the bottom

Below wave base

Front 54

Steep wave depth

Back 54

Interaction with bottom "feels bottom"

At or above wave base

Slower speed, decreased wavelength and taller wave

Front 55

Wave Refraction

Back 55

Wave comes at angle and erodes to become straight

Front 56

Long shore Current and transport/drift

Back 56

Move from one spot to the next

Front 57

Sea Caves

Back 57

Water hitting both sides

Front 58

Sea Arch

Back 58

Two sea caves together

Front 59

Sea Stack

Back 59

Sea Arch broken

Front 60

Spit

Back 60

Elongated ridges of sand extending from the landinto the mouth of an adjacent bay

Front 61

Wave Dominated Barrier Islands

Back 61

Long shore transport creates long and narrowislands; small tidal deltas; open water lagoons

Front 62

Tide Dominated Barrier Islands

Back 62

Short and fat islands; larger tidal deltas;marshes

Front 63

Groin

Back 63

Built to maintain or widen beaches; constructed at a right angel tobeach to trap sand

Front 64

Jetty

Back 64

Usually built in pairs to develop and maintain harbors; extendedto the ocean ersion

Front 65

Seawall

Back 65

Protects property

Enhances erosion andcollapses seawall

Front 66

Submergent Coast

Back 66

Sea level rises with respect to land (flooding)

Front 67

Emergent Coast

Back 67

Land is rising withrespect to sea

Front 68

Sea Level Control

Back 68

Land moving up and down

Glaciers melting/forming