Earth Science Exam 3

Front 1

rocks that are Metamorphic

Back 1

*schist
*slate
*marble

Front 2

rocks that are sedimetary

Back 2

*shale
*sandstone
*limestone
*conglomerate

Front 3

rocks that are igneous

Back 3

*basalt (most abundunt)
*granite
*rhyolite

Front 4

term in geology that means "transformation of sediment into solid rock"

Back 4

lithification

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lithosphere

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solid upper part of the mantle with the overlying crust (about 50 miles in depth)

Front 6

difference in chrystal size between intrusive and extrusive

Back 6

extrusive - cools very fast = fine grains
intrusve - cools very slowly = coarse grains

Front 7

what rock results when sandstone is metamorphose

Back 7

quartzite

Front 8

what rock results when shale is metamorphose

Back 8

mica

Front 9

what rock results when basalt is metamorphose

Back 9

chlorite and other green rocks

Front 10

what rock results when limestone is metamorphose

Back 10

marble

Front 11

what rock results when granite is metamorphose

Back 11

granite gneiss

Front 12

what is the columbia plataeu in washington and oregan made of

Back 12

basalt

Front 13

what is the boundary between the mantle and crust called

Back 13

moho discontinuity

Front 14

how many lithospheric plates are there?

Back 14

7

Front 15

what are the sierra nevada mountains made of

Back 15

granite

Front 16

what are the islands of hawaii made of

Back 16

basalt

Front 17

what part of the earth is believed to be molten

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outer core

Front 18

what are the outer and inner core made of

Back 18

outer- molten metallic iron
inner - solid iron

Front 19

what are the three most abundant elements in earth's surface

Back 19

oxygen, silicon, aluminum

Front 20

what is the name of the 200 million year old super continent

Back 20

pangaea

Front 21

what does pangaea mean

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all land

Front 22

how was cascades range formed

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continental plate collision

Front 23

how was mount st. helens formed

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volcanism from melting plate

Front 24

how were the hawaiian islands formed

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divergent, plate movement is initiated at the mid-oceanic ridges

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what kind of boundary is mid-oceanic ridge

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divergent

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what kind of boundary is subduction zone

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convergent

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volcanic arc

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a curving chain of active volcanoes formed above subduction zone and adjacent to a convergent plate boundary

Front 28

name a volcanic arc in the u.s.

Back 28

cascade volcanic arc in skamania county washington

Front 29

island arc

Back 29

a group of volcanic islands im arch like pattern - formed by volcanic activity and ocieanic plate subduction at convergent plate margins

Front 30

name an island arc in the pacific

Back 30

Japan

Front 31

what are the main mineral components of granite

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primarily four minerals ; quartz, feldspar, mica, hornblende

Front 32

what kind of boundary is San Andreas Fault

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transform - plates slide past eachother

Front 33

where is San Andrea Fault

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California

Front 34

how were the Appalachian Mts. formed

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formed during plate collisions

Front 35

what is a dip

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angle of the tilt in tilted beds

Front 36

what is an anticline

Back 36

along a ridge of a fold, layers slope downward AWAY from the axis

Front 37

what is a graben

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formed by blocks of crust uplifted and depressed along faults

Front 38

what is a syncline

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in the trough of a fold, layers slope downward TOWARD the axis

Front 39

what a normal fault

Back 39

the hanging wall moves down relative to the other side- often result from tensional forces

Front 40

what is a reverse fault

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the hanging walls move up; result from compressional forces

Front 41

what is the oceanic crust made of

Back 41

lavas made mostly of basalt

Front 42

what kind of feature is death valley

Back 42

graben/ horst

Front 43

what is laurasia

Back 43

the northern part of the supercontinent after its split

Front 44

what is gonwanaland

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the southern part of the supercontinent after its split

Front 45

what are the two types of earth's crust and what are they made out of

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* thin oceanic crust - underlies ocean basins (made mostly of basalt)
* thick continential crust - underlies continents (made mostly of granite)

Front 46

alluvium

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river sediment

Front 47

what is a hydrograph

Back 47

a graph showing the fluctuation in discharge through time

Front 48

oxbow lakes

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sometimes meanders tighten and forms cutoffs and forms and abandonded meander

Front 49

meander scars

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oxbow lakes that have been filled over time with mud and organics

Front 50

natural levee

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when sediment loads are deposited on the channel banks forming ridges that run parallel to the channel

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yazoo stream

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some tributaries that run parallel to the river for many miles before joining at valley

Front 52

where and how do point bars form

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depositing sediment on their inner bank (lower flow --> deposition)

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bed load

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coarser sediment (sand + gravel) that slides, rolls or skips along the stream bed

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suspended load

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finer sediment (usually clay and silt) suspended by turbulence in the flow - does not contact bed

Front 55

dissolved/solution load

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dissolved minerals carried in the flow

Front 56

what is a braided river and where are they found

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one of a number of channel types and has a channel that consists of a network of small channels seperate by small and often temperary islands

Front 57

what is a river bluff

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a cliff at the edge of a floodplain where the fiver has eroded into the bedrock valley sides

Front 58

what is a cutbank

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meander shift sideways by eroding the outerbank (higher flow --> entrainment)

Front 59

drainage basin

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area that drains into a channel network

Front 60

what is a floodplain and what is it made out of

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an area that is flooded by the river when it overflows its banks; flat, low-lying, well vegetated
- they are made out of sand and mud

Front 61

Barchan Dunes

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limited sand supply, wind mainly from one direction

Front 62

Transverse Dunes

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abundant sand supply, wind mainly from one direction

Front 63

Longitudinal Dunes

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limited sand supply, strong bidirectional winds

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loess

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the fine silt carried in suspension for long distances forms a loess

Front 65

playa

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(spanish for beach)
salt deposits of a dried up lake

Front 66

bajada

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where channels emerge, alluvial fans are built from mud flows

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deflation

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the erosion of a surface by wind

Front 68

desert pavement

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coarse particles left behind from deflation

Front 69

mesa

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slopes that are eroded back and maintain their angular form- where resistant flat layers are present

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butte

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smaller version of mesa

Front 71

tidal range

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difference in height between successive high and low tides

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stack (coastal features)

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where the coast is steep; the result of continuous wave erosion at the base of cliffed coastline is the formation of a wave-cut platform - erosional reminants

Front 73

arch (coastal feature)

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sea cliffs are formed by the undercutting action of the sea

Front 74

wave-length

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distance between identical points in the adjacent cycles of a wave-length signal propagated in space or along a line

Front 75

what causes tides

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gravtional pull of the moon

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neap

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(low tidal range) effect of the pull of the moon is decreased when the moon is at right angles to the sun

Front 77

spring tides

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(high tidal range) effect of the pull of the moon is increased when the moon lines up with the sun

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ebb tide

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semi-diurnal tides (2 highs/ 2 lows a day)
*out going tide*

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flood tide

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*incoming tide*

Front 80

when do spring tides occur

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when the moon lines up with the sun

Front 81

when do the neap tides occur

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when the moon is at right angles to the sun

Front 82

fetch

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when the wave approaches the coast, bottom friction slows it down so that the wave-length becomes smaller, while the wave height becomes larger

Front 83

spit

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is deposition landform which consists of material deposited in a long ridge extending out from a coast - partially blocks mouth of the bay

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baymouth bay

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if a spit grows to completely cut off the bar from the ocean and form an inland lagoon

Front 85

tombolo

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occurs when sediment deposit connect the shoreline with an off shore island or sea stack by accumulating or an underwater wave-built terrace

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process of a beach drift

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particles on the beach also are moved along as beach drift, shfting back and forth between water and land with each swash and backwash of the surf. individual sediment grains trace arched paths along the beach

Front 87

causes of most erosions at the coastlines

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waves in the ocean and other large bodies of water

Front 88

semi diurnal tides

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2 highs and 2 lows a day

Front 89

what is wave oscillation and how deep does it extend

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wind generated oscillary waves - wave form moves throughout the water
- depends on the height of the wave, which depends on wind speed over which which the wind is blowing

Front 90

coastal marsh

Back 90

when sediment is moved into a low energy coastal environment