Earth Science Exam 2

Front 1

Basaltic Magma

Back 1

less silica, so not very viscous
Very hot, flows easily

Front 2

Granitic Magma

Back 2

more silica, so very viscous
Not very hot, does not flow easily

Front 3

Gases

Back 3

LAVA THAT FLOWS EASLIY ALLOWS THE GASES TO BUBBLE UPWARDS AND ESCAPE

Front 4

GRANITIC

Back 4

LOTS OF GAS FORCES LAVA INO AIR

Front 5

PYROCLASTICS

Back 5

ANY PARTICLES OR LAVA EJECTED FROM A VOLCANO THAT COOLS BEOFRE IT HITS THE GROUND

Front 6

CRATER

Back 6

OPENING AT THE TOP OF A VOLCANO

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CINDER CONE

Back 7

MADE OF PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL DROPPING DOWN AFTER ERUPTIONS, GRANITIC LAVA, STEEP SIDES BUT SMALL VOLCANOES

Front 8

Shield volcano

Back 8

layers of lava

Front 9

Compostise Volcanoes

Back 9

most dangerous due to size and viscosity of lava and nuee ardentes ( a cloud of hot gas and ash)

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Extrusive

Back 10

reaches the earths surface

Front 11

Intrusive

Back 11

never reaches the earths surface

Front 12

Dike

Back 12

vertical, former volcanic necks

Front 13

Sill

Back 13

horizontal, along the rock neck

Front 14

Laccolith

Back 14

sill of viscous magma that pushes up a dome

Front 15

BATHOLITH

Back 15

cooled magma chamber

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Hot Spot

Back 16

place far from a plate boundary where magma reached the surface

Front 17

Minerals

Back 17

naturally occuring, nonliving soilds with a unique chemical structure and composition

Front 18

Rock

Back 18

a bunch of minerals

Front 19

Color and Streak

Back 19

color can be highly variable, and streak is the color of the powered form and is always the same

Front 20

Hardness

Back 20

resistance to scratching

Front 21

Cleavage

Back 21

the way a mineral break

Front 22

Specific Gravity

Back 22

the weight

Front 23

Nonsilicated

Back 23

includes carbonates limestone and marble

Front 24

Igneous

Back 24

rock formed directly from the cooling molten rock

Front 25

Sedimentary

Back 25

rock formed from pieces of broken rock

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Metamorphic

Back 26

rock that has been exposed to heat and pressure

Front 27

Crystallization

Back 27

cooling of magma to form crystals

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Glass

Back 28

instantly cooled lava

Front 29

Weathering

Back 29

the breakdown of a mineral or rock into sediments( pieces of rocks)

Front 30

Erosion

Back 30

the transportation of sediments away from the original source area

Front 31

Mechanical Weathering

Back 31

physical processes that weather rock

Front 32

Frost wedging

Back 32

breakdown of rock due to the expansion of frozen water

Front 33

Unloading

Back 33

"peeling" of rock layers due to expansion after great pressures are released

Front 34

Bioerosion

Back 34

weathering due to the activity of living organisms (Plants)

Front 35

Chemical weathering

Back 35

the alteration of minerals due to some agent

Front 36

Mud

Back 36

not visible to the human eye includes silt and clay

Front 37

Depositional Environment

Back 37

conditions under which the sediments were deposited

Front 38

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Back 38

precipitated from solution due to natural saturation levels or by biological processes

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Evaporites

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result from the evaporation of sea water

Front 40

Limestone

Back 40

most are built by living organisms

Front 41

Coal

Back 41

sediments are pieces of plants

Front 42

Lithification

Back 42

conversion of sediments into rock ( to lithify)

Front 43

Compaction

Back 43

reduction of pore space ( squezze to make a rock)

Front 44

Cementation

Back 44

gluing sediments together

Front 45

Load

Back 45

the material being carried by water

Front 46

Delta

Back 46

alluvial fan that forms in the ocean

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Sorting

Back 47

movement of water at different velocitites sorts grains according to size

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Rounding

Back 48

reflects the amount of time a particle has been eroding

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Channel

Back 49

highest velocity

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Point Bar

Back 50

sand bar

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Levee

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raised banks

Front 52

Braided

Back 52

mountain stream ( high Vel)

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Meandering

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low angle streams ( low Vel)

Front 54

Groundwater

Back 54

water filling in the pore space between rocks or soil grains

Front 55

Water Table

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point closest to the surface where water occurs

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Zone of saturation

Back 56

area with water

Front 57

Zone of aeration

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area without water

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Aquitard

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prevents movement of water

Front 59

Porosity

Back 59

amounts of open space in a rock

Front 60

Permeability

Back 60

ability of the water to move through the ground

Front 61

Aquifers

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porous and permeable rocks

Front 62

Spring

Back 62

place where groundwater reaches the surface

Front 63

Hot Springs

Back 63

water comes from deeper in the earth

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Geyser

Back 64

water is heated then explodes outward

Front 65

Well

Back 65

cylinder dug to extract groundwater

Front 66

Artesian well

Back 66

groundwater is under pressure so it flows outward without assistance

Front 67

Metamorphism

Back 67

rocks change form

Front 68

Heat

Back 68

most important, drives chemical reactions, makes rocks elastic, comes from deep burial or intrusive magmas

Front 69

Pressure

Back 69

from burial or from overloading

Front 70

Chemicals

Back 70

water is the most important, may bring in ions for reactions

Front 71

Foliation

Back 71

crystals reform according to their natural shapes, not the alignment that they were deposited