Earth Science Exam 1

Front 1

Earth general

Back 1

3rd planet fro sun, water in all phases

Front 2

Earth dimensions

Back 2

oblate spheroid, highest point-mt everest, lowest point, mariana trench.

Front 3

earth megastructure-composition

Back 3

core (Ni,Fe), mantleFe,Mg), crust(Si,Al)

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earth megastructure-physical

Back 4

inner core (solid), outer core(liquid), mesophere(lower mantle), astenosphere(upper mantle), lithosphere(crust and upper mantle)

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parallels

Back 5

N/S of equator-latitude 0-90 degrees.

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Meridians

Back 6

E/W of prime meridian-0-180 degrees-merge at poles.

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Earth resources

Back 7

mineral ores, soils/plants, water, clean air, living space

Front 8

Minerals defined

Back 8

homogeneous, naturally occuring, solid, inorganic, definable chemical comp, and orderly arrange of atoms.

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mineraloid

Back 9

has all characteristics of minerals except order (opal)

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rocks

Back 10

coherent aggragates of minerals

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Rock forming silicates

Back 11

most common meral group, contains silicon and oxygen tetrahedron.

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Dominant silicates

Back 12

feldspars and quartz

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Feldspars

Back 13

most plentiful mineral group of rock forming silicates-Al2SiO4

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Quartz

Back 14

pure silica-rock forming silicate-SiO2

Front 15

Nonsilicate minerals

Back 15

Oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides

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Oxides

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Nonsilicate minerals-Magnetite Fe3O4

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Sulfides

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Nonsilicate minerals-Pyrite-FeS2

Front 18

Sulfates

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Nonsilicate minreals-Gypsum-CaSO42H2O

Front 19

Halides

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Nonsilicate minerals-NaCl

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Element abundance

Back 20

O,Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Na,K,Mg

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Properties of minerals

Back 21

Color, streak,luster,hardness,specific gravity, crystal form, crystal habit, clevage, special properties

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Chemical Subdivisions of minerals

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Ferromagnesian and Sialic

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Carbonates

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Nonsilicate Minerals-carbonates-calcite-CaCO3

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Native Elements

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Nonsilicate minerals-Cu,Au,Ag,C, S

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Rock Properties

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Chemical composition, Sizes of mineral grains, texture, layering

Front 26

Chemical composition of rock

Back 26

Mafic, Felsic, Intermediate

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Mafic Chemical Comp

Back 27

Rocks rich in ferromagnesium minerals-dark

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Felsic Chemical Comp

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Rocks rich in sialic minerals-light

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Size of mineral grains rocks

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Coarse, fine

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Coarse grain

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grains are large

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Fine grain

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grains are small

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Texture of rocks

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arrangenment of crystal grains

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Layering

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bedding and foliation

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Igneous Rocks

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Result from cooling and crystalllization of molten rock

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Magma

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Molten rock within the earth

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Lava

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Molten rock erupted through a fissure or volcano at the surface

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Origins of magma

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melting of rock below the earth's surface

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Types of igneous rock

Back 38

intrusive, extrusive

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Intrusive (plutonic)igneous rock

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slow cooling below round, large grain(phaneritic)

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Extrusive (volcanic)

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rapid cooling near the ground surface-(aphanetic)

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Obsidian

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Not a rock-volcanic glass form by lava cooling quickly w/ water

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Xenolith

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Fragments of surround rock brought to surface that did not melt

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Rhyolite

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Igneous, felsic(light), extrusive, small grain (aphanitic)

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Basalt

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Igneous, mafic(dark), extrusive, small grain(aphanitic)

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Granite

Back 45

Igneous, felsic(light), intrusive, large grain(phaneritic)

Front 46

Gabbro

Back 46

Igneous, mafic(dark),intrusive, large grain(paheritic)

Front 47

Sedimentary rocks

Back 47

rocks caused by lithification of loose sediment from eroded rocks. Occurs as sequences of rock layers(strata)-commonly contain fossils

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Lithification

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creation of hard rock by compaction of sediment under weight and cementation w/ silica and CO3

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Detrital (clastic)

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rocks formed from weathered(igneous) types are based on texture (large)cobble, gravel, sand, silt, clay(small)

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Deposition

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Sedimentary rocks form by deposit-heaviest deposit first-dense sediment-shoreline

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Clay

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smallest sediment forms clay

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Silt

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second smallest sediemnt forms siltstone

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Sand

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third smallest sediement forms sandstone

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coal

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formed in swamps/stagnant waters where vegetation is preserved.

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Sedimentary structure

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cross-bedding, graded bedding, ripple marks, mud cracks

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cross bedding

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concave upwards-wind and water erosion-horizontal

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graded bedding

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fines upward-horizontal

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ripple marks

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soft beds of sand in shallow water

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mud cracks

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edges warp upward

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Chemical formation sedimentary

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rocks formed dissolving minerals in water-evaporites, limestone, and chert

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Limestone

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most common chemical produces sedimentary rock-calcite

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metamorphic rocks

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formed by transformation of other rocks by applcation of pressure/heat

Front 63

Types of metamorphic rock

Back 63

contact and regional

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Contact

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type of metamorphic rock caused by heating by magma recrystalizing

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regional

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caused by high pressure and temp result in compression of existing rock.

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limestone metamorphs

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marble

Front 67

metamorph slate

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shale

Front 68

metamorph phyllite

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Slate

Front 69

Metamorph Schist

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Phyllite

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Metamophic Gneiss

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Schist

Front 71

Metamorphic marble

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limestone

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Metamorphic quartzite

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sandstone

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Anthracite

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Coal

Front 74

Continental Crust

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thickness-35km density-2.7g cm cubed, felsic rock most common, rocks are oldest in center of continents, mtns near edges.

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Oceanic crust

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thickness-7km, density-3 g cm cubed-rocks younger less than 150 myo, includes deep trenches, wide ridges, and seamounts

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Continental drift

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proposed 1914 by Wegner 200 mya continents one large mass(pangaea)-drifted to current local

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evidence continental drift

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jigsaw puzzle, fossils, modern animals, rock types match across oceans

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problem w/ continental drift

Back 78

nothing to account for move

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Sea floor spreading

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Hess 1962-magma rises to surface extruded at rits, magma cools and hardens, causes movement of crustal plates

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Modern Theory of plate tectonics

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lithosphere-made of 20 plates (both oceanic and continental plates), boundaries charac. by earthquakes and volcanism

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Continent plates

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active margin or passive margin

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active margin

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margin of continent that coincides w/ plate boundary

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passive margin

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margin of continent that does not coincide w/ plate boundary

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Convection

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driving force behind plate movement-rise of warm air lower of coolcer air through mantle cause plates too move

Front 85

Types of plates

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divergent, convergent, transform

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divergent plates

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spreading forming rifts in either ocean/continent

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convergent plates

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plates move together one plate pass over the top of another forcing the other down

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transform plates

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plates slide by one another-transform fault

Front 89

Stress

Back 89

force applied from one or several directions on some object

Front 90

strain

Back 90

change in shape and volume of an object induced by stress

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Major Rock Structures

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Folds, Faults, Joints

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Folds

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Rock structure results from bending behavior from compression stress-four types: anticline, syncline, dome, structural basin

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anticline

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type of fold-upward symmetric bending of rock-may plunge

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syncline

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type of fold downward symmetric beding of rock-may plunge

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dome

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broad up warp of rock-circular

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structural basin

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broad down warp-circular

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Fault

Back 97

rock structure-results from brittle fracturing behavior under compression, extension, or transform stress normal, reverse, thrust, strike slip

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Normal fault

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tensional hanging wall moves down relative to footwall

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reverse fault

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compressional-hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

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thrust fault

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compressional-low angle reverse fault

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strike slip

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shear, horizontal motion-transform like.

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Horst

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upward mountain

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Graben

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under valley

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joints

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rock structure-fractures, but no displacement has occured results from: cooling lava, pressure release, regional stress

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Intrusive

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Igneous rock body-magma cools below ground form large grain, classed by shape, orientation

Front 106

Intrusive classes

Back 106

dike, sill, laccolith, batholith

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Dike

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intrusive igneous feature-tabular discordant-magma injected into fractures-form a thick table

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Sill

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intrusive igneous feature-tabular accordant-injected along sedimentary bedding

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Laccolith

Back 109

intrusive igneous feature-lens shaped-accordant-form blisters

Front 110

Batholith

Back 110

intrusive igneous feature-massive discordant large deep-

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Extrusive

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Lava-expelled through the crust-lava types pahoehoe, aa

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Pahoehoe

Back 112

smooth, ropy lava, basltic, hot, low viscosity, flows as a stream

Front 113

aa

Back 113

rough, blocky lava, basltic, coler, flow looks like a pile of rocks

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pyroclastic

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materails magma erupt violently into air by the escape of dissolved gases

Front 115

ash

Back 115

less than 2mm falls out to form sheets of welded ash particles called tuff

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Types of volcanoes

Back 116

shield, composite, cinder cones

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Shield volcano

Back 117

broad, convex landform, fluid lavas, baslatic, effusive(gentle) eruptive style, few pyroclastics (hawaii)

Front 118

composite volcano

Back 118

statovolcano-steep conical langform, viscous, gas-rich lavas of vary chemistry, explosive eruptive style, many pyroclastics

Front 119

nuee ardente

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pyroclasic density flow up to 200 kph downslope

Front 120

Cinder cones

Back 120

type of volcano-steep cones w/ wide craters-composed chiefly of lapilli-sized reddish brown pyroclastics

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Hot spot

Back 121

Plates move over hot spots-land pokes up to form an island-plate moves on forming more and more

Front 122

earthquake wave types

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S waves, p waves, surface waves

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S waves

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sine wave oscillation whipping vertical

Front 124

P wave

Back 124

compression slinky like-lateral motion

Front 125

surface waves

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most damaging-close to the earth's surface-rotary motion

Front 126

Elastic rebound model

Back 126

release of seismic energy along a fault line is caused by stress and minerals elasticity after removal of stress.

Front 127

Focus

Back 127

radiates deep below earth's surface in all directions

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epicenter

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the point that is on the surface directly above the focus-strongest seismic energy

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Intensity

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modifed mercalli scale-subjective measure based on the amount of damage-checklist to victims

Front 130

Magnitute

Back 130

Ojective measure-Richter Scale-based on wave amplitude-logrithms-10 base.