Earth Science Chapter 5- Energy In Earths Processes

Front 1

energy

Back 1

the ability to do work

Front 2

visible light waves

Back 2

parts of the electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the sun and observed with the human eye

Front 3

electromagnetic energy

Back 3

a type of energy that is radiated, or given off from all matter not at absolute zero

Front 4

in what form does electromagnetic energy travel?

Back 4

in the form of trannsverse waves

Front 5

absolute zero

Back 5

0 kelvin, or -273 degrees celcius
lowest possiblee temperature where particles of matter have no motion

Front 6

how do transverse waves vibrate?

Back 6

at right angles to the direction in which they are moving

Front 7

how are different types of electromagnetic energy distinguished?

Back 7

by their different wavelenghts

Front 8

wavelength

Back 8

the distance from one crest of a wave to the next crest

Front 9

electromagnetic spectrum

Back 9

any model that shows the types of electromagnetic energy in order of increasing wavelength

Front 10

what is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye?

Back 10

visible light

Front 11

how is infrared energy felt?

Back 11

its heating effects

Front 12

how are most forms of electromagnetic enerfgy observed?

Back 12

instruments

Front 13

long-wave electromagnetic energy

Back 13

electromagnetic energy with a wavelength longer than visible light

Front 14

short-wave electromagnetic energy

Back 14

electromagnetic energy with a wavelength shorter than visible light

Front 15

is visible light short or long wave?

Back 15

some scientists include visible light as a type of short wave radiation

Front 16

what are the different forms of electromagnetic energy in order from the shortest wavelength to the longest wavelength?

Back 16

gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwaves. radiowaves

Front 17

what are the interactions between electromagnetic energy and an environment

Back 17

waves can be refracted, reflected, scatterd, transmitted, or absorbed

Front 18

refracted

Back 18

bent in their passafe through materials of varying density so that the direction of the waves is changed

Front 19

reflected

Back 19

bounced off the material

Front 20

scattered

Back 20

refracted and/or reflected in various directions

Front 21

transmitted

Back 21

passed through the material

Front 22

absorbed

Back 22

taken into the material

Front 23

how does the human eye distinguish the various wavelengths of visible light?

Back 23

color

Front 24

what is the order of visible light colors from shortest to longest wavelength?

Back 24

violet, blue green, yellow, orange, red

Front 25

what characteristics of a surface determine the amount of electromgnetic energy that can be absorbed?

Back 25

texture and color

Front 26

texture and color that absorbs most energy and reflect the least energy

Back 26

dark and rough surfaces

Front 27

the more effective a material is at absorbing electromagnetic energy........

Back 27

the better it also is at radiating, or giving off, electromagnetic energy

Front 28

the more effective a material is at radiating, or giving off, electromagnetic energy...........

Back 28

the better it is as absorbing electromagnetic energy

Front 29

what is the major source of energy for most of earth's processes?

Back 29

radiation received from the sun

Front 30

what is the second major source of energy for most of earth's processes?

Back 30

radioactive decay within in the earth's interior

Front 31

when electromagnetic energy travels from air into water, the waves are bent due to the density differences between the air and water. what is this bending callled?

Back 31

refraction

Front 32

which was does energy mmove?

Back 32

from an region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Front 33

source

Back 33

a region of high concentration of energy

Front 34

sink

Back 34

region of low concentration of energy

Front 35

heat energy

Back 35

energy transfer from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature

Front 36

thermal energy

Back 36

the energy of the motions of atoms and molecules

Front 37

dynamic equilibrium

Back 37

when a region loses and gains equal amounts of energy

Front 38

if the dynamic equilibrium is between all forms of energy, then the temperature of the region or system will...

Back 38

remain constant

Front 39

what are the three ways in which heat is transfered?

Back 39

1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiaton

Front 40

when does heat stop moving from the souyrce to the sink?

Back 40

when their energies are equal, establishing a dynamic equilibrium

Front 41

conduction

Back 41

the transfer of heat energy from atom to atom or molecule to molecule when vibrating atoms or molecules collide

Front 42

in what phase is conduction most effective and why?

Back 42

in solids, especially metals, because the atoms or molecules are closer together than in gases and liquids

Front 43

when conducting the experiment with the hot and cold calorimeters, in what form in some energy lost through the uninsulated metal bar?

Back 43

infrared radiation

Front 44

convection

Back 44

the transfer of heat by movement in fluids-gases and liquids-caused b differences in density within the fluids

Front 45

density of warmer fluids

Back 45

lower density

Front 46

where do warmer portions go?

Back 46

they rise above cooler portions

Front 47

why do less dense fluids rise?

Back 47

bc gravity pulls less on objects that are loser in density and pulls more on objects of high density. higher density portios of a fluid are pulled down and displace less sense objects, pushing them up

Front 48

what is the result of gravitys affect of objects of different densities?

Back 48

a convection current-a circulatorym motion, that transfers heat energy from one place to another

Front 49

greenhouse gases`

Back 49

carbon dioxide and water vapor

Front 50

radiation

Back 50

the method by which heat is transferred via electromagnetic waves

Front 51

what medium transfers the transverse waves that carry electromagnetic energy?

Back 51

no medium iss needed, this energy can radiate from its source across empty space

Front 52

what phses can radiation occur in?

Back 52

solids, liquids, and gases

Front 53

radiation of the sun

Back 53

method by which the sun's electromagnetic energy moves through space to other objects in the solar system

Front 54

how does the electromagnetic energy of an object relate to its temperature

Back 54

the higher an objects temperature, the more electromagnetic energy it gives off

Front 55

how is transformations of energy occur?

Back 55

friction

Front 56

mechanical energy definition 1

Back 56

all the energy of an object or system not related to the individual motions of atoms and molecules

Front 57

mechanical energy

Back 57

the total of potential and kinetic energy of an object or system

Front 58

kinetic energy

Back 58

the kind of energy an object in motion has

Front 59

poyential energy

Back 59

energy relatefd to position or phase "stored" energy

Front 60

how does mass affect potential energy

Back 60

more mass=more potential energy

Front 61

describe kintetic and potential energy of a water on top of a waterfall

Back 61

water at the top of a waterfall has potential energy because f its position relative to earths center. as the wter falls to a lower level, some of its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy, resulting in an increase in speed

Front 62

when electromagnetic energy is absorbed and reradiated, how does the wavelength change?

Back 62

it is reradiated at a longer wavelength

Front 63

why does this occur?

Back 63

bc energy moves from regions of great to lower concentration, and the region of greater cncentration usually has a higher temperature and emits shorter wavelengths

Front 64

temperature

Back 64

a measure of average kinetic energy of the particles of a body of matter

Front 65

theory of matter

Back 65

the particles of every material are in continuous, random motion, and therefore have kinetic energy

Front 66

calorie

Back 66

the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of liquid wter by one degree Celcius

Front 67

what is the type of energy that is transfered from hotter to colder objects?

Back 67

heat energy

Front 68

specific heat of a substance

Back 68

the quantity of heat needed to raise the tempterature of one gram of any substance one degree Celcius

Front 69

simpler terms: specific heat

Back 69

the resistance a material presents to heating up and cooling off

Front 70

what has the highest specific heat?

Back 70

liquid water

Front 71

how does the specific heat of a subsstance affect the rate at which is cools off and heats up?

Back 71

the higher the spefiic heat, the slower is cools off and heats up

Front 72

melting

Back 72

the changing of a solid to a liquid

Front 73

freezing/solidification

Back 73

the changing of a liquid to a solid

Front 74

crystallization

Back 74

if solidification results in a solid with an ordered pattern of atoms

Front 75

evaporation/vaporization

Back 75

the changing of a liquid to a gas, or vapor

Front 76

condensation

Back 76

the changing of a gas, or vapor, to a liquid

Front 77

sublimation

Back 77

the changing of a gas directly to a solid, or from a solid firectly to a gas-without going through the liquid state

Front 78

what happens when water changes state from a solid to a liquid to a gas?

Back 78

it absorbs heat, molecular movement speeds up, and the tighly bound water molecules become less and less tightly bound

Front 79

what happens when water changes state from a gas to a liquid to a solid?

Back 79

water releases stored heat, molecular movements slow down, and molecules become more tightly bound

Front 80

what must happen in order for a change of state from a solid to a lquid, or from a liquid to a gas, occur?

Back 80

the substance must gain heat

Front 81

what must happen in order for the change of state fromma gas to a liquid, or from a liquid to a solid, to occur?

Back 81

the substance must lose stored heat

Front 82

explain the loss and gain of heat and temperature changes etc. during phase changes

Back 82

when a material is in one of the three state, its temperature rises as heat is added to it/drops if heat is removed. however, if the material is in the process of changing state, its temperature reamins the same as it is heated

Front 83

give an example

Back 83

during the change of state, the added heat energy is not increasing the kinetic energy of the atoms or the molecules, and therefore, the temperature does not change. the added heat energy is being converted to a kind of potential energy, or stored heat

Front 84

during what phases is energy lost?

Back 84

gas to liquid (condensation)
liquid to solid (solidification/freezing)
gas to a solid (sublimation to a solid)

Front 85

during what phases is energy gained?

Back 85

solid to a liquid (melting)
liquid to a gas (evaportation/vaporization)
solid to gas (sublimation to a gas)

Front 86

when does melting occur?

Back 86

0 degrees celcius

Front 87

when does evaporation/vaporization occur?

Back 87

100 degrees celcius

Front 88

when does the temperatre remain constant?

Back 88

while the phase is changing

Front 89

why does the temperature remain constant?

Back 89

bc the heat that is being added at those times is being changed to a stored heat (potential energy)

Front 90

solar electromagnetic spectrium

Back 90

the wide range of electromagnetic energy of various wavelegths that the sun radiates, or gives off

Front 91

what does 0 degrees celcius equal in Kelvin/.

Back 91

273 K

Front 92

what are some of the wavelngths included in solar electromagnetic spectrum?

Back 92

x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, and infrared rays

Front 93

of all the types of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, which is the one with the greatest intensity?

Back 93

visible light

Front 94

how is solar energy produced?

Back 94

by nuclear fusion

Front 95

nclera fusion

Back 95

a process in which the nuclei of atoms are combined to form larger atomic nuclei-releasing great amounts of energy in the process

Front 96

under what conditions do nuclear fusion have to occur?

Back 96

very high temperatures and pressure

Front 97

where does a small fraction of the energgy produced by nuclear fusion go?

Back 97

it is radiated as electromagnetic energy and received byy earth, thus :fueling" most earh processes

Front 98

explain the process and effects of nuclear fusion from our sun

Back 98

the high heat and pressure of our sun combine the nuclei of hydrogen to produce helium, subatomic particles, and energy (heat, sound, and electromagnetic energy)

Front 99

probably where does most of earths interior energy come from?

Back 99

the nuclear decay of radioactive materials within earth

Front 100

heat energy from earths interior is converted into ...

Back 100

mechanical enerbgy (moutain building, volcanic eruptions, plate movements, etc.)

Front 101

nuclear decay/nuclear fission/radioactive decay

Back 101

the process by which unstable or radioactive atomic nuclei of elements, splut to form lighter elements. in the process, larger amounts of energy are released

Front 102

how is nuclear decay/nuclear fission/radioactive decay helpful on earth?

Back 102

it is the process emplyed in the atomic reactors used to produce a portion of the nation's electric supply

Front 103

summary of the process of nuclear decay

Back 103

the nuclei of radioactive elements are unstable, and they can split to form elements with smaller nuclei, subatomic particles, and large amounts of energy

Front 104

what gives off the entire electromagnetic spectrum?

Back 104

the sun

Front 105

traits of long waves

Back 105

low frequency and low energy

Front 106

traits of short waveslike gamma

Back 106

high frequency loaded w/ energy

Front 107

what is the realtionship between high temp, and the amount of electromagnetic energy given off?

Back 107

HIGHER TEMP=MORE ENERGY GIVEN OFF

Front 108

closed system

Back 108

insulation-no heat escapes during conduction

Front 109

what are the major incoming waves like and what are they sent out as?

Back 109

incoming are short, visible waves converted to long waves (infrared) outgoing waves

Front 110

what is taht claled?

Back 110

terrestrial reradiation

Front 111

why do the waves go back out?

Back 111

the long waves are trapped ny the clouds of Co2 and water (greenhouse gases) atonopshere heats up

Front 112

where is the max. potential energy?

Back 112

at highest point above eart

Front 113

where is the max kintetic energy

Back 113

at point of contact

Front 114

fusion

Back 114

melting

Front 115

when does kinetic energy increase during phase changes?

Back 115

when temp is going up

Front 116

what is an effect of evaporation?

Back 116

its causes cooling

Front 117

what phase has the most PE and KE?

Back 117

gas

Front 118

how much energy is gained from melting/lost by freezing?

Back 118

80 calories per gram

Front 119

how much energy is gained by evaporation, or vaporization, and lost by condensation?

Back 119

540 calories per fram stored heat

Front 120

difference between evaporation and vaporization?

Back 120

evaporation-only from the surface, below 100 degrees, causing cooling
vaporization- from all over at 100 degrees

Front 121

radioactive balance

Back 121

heat gain=heat loss

Front 122

why does evaporation cause cooling?

Back 122

bc molecules with the most kinetic energy are lost first becuase they are the ones with the highest temperature and so they are at the top

Front 123

vibrating speed of wavelengths

Back 123

short-vibrates rapidly
long-vibrates slowly

Front 124

why is conduction important?

Back 124

it is the chief method by which energy moves from earth's surface to the atmosphere