Earth Sci

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certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer.

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color

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It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure.

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minerals

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color of the powdered form of a mineral.

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streak

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the appearance of a mineral’s surface and is dependent on how it reflects light.

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luster

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characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral’s crystal structure.

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Crystal habit

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tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces.

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cleavage

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is the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage.

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fracture

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is the resistance of the minerals to scratching.

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hardness

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is the ratio of a minerals’ weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.

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Specific gravity

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refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature.

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solubility

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refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.

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melting point

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Most of the minerals here are composed of only one element. Having knowledge about elements enables scientists to identify bonding possibilities and compounds that can be created.

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elements

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Minerals under these group are composed of a metal joined by a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic that distinguish them.

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sulfides

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These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical constituent.

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halides

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These are mineral groups composed of one or more metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH)

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OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES

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It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, nitrogen and boron.

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NITRATES, CARBONATES, BORATES

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One or more metal is combined with a sulfate compound (SO4)

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sulfates

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c______, m_____, or t____ substituted the place of the sulfate group. These minerals are usually brightly colored, brittle and dense.

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CHROMATES, MOLYBDATE, TUNGSTATES

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One or metal is chemically combined with the P_____, a_____, v_____ group.

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PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES

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This is the largest mineral group. Minerals under this group have different amounts of silicon and oxygen

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silicates

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ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution.

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wet chemical analysis

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ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MINERALS

involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds.

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Spectroscopic techniques

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks.

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Quartz

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

has a chemical composition of XAlSi3O8, where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na).

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Feldspar

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

is soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes.

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mica

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6 where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al).

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Pyroxene minerals

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ROCK FORMING MINERALS

has a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.

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Amphibole

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are formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out from depth.

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IGNEOUS ROCK

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Minerals such as q____, f____, p___, o____, a_____, and m____ are the components of almost all types of igneous rocks.

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quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, mica

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FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

______ are formed deep underground, while _______ are formed near the surface.

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Big crystals, smaller crystals

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An ________ rock forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and solidify on Earth’s surface which results to very fine-grained rock with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked eye.

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extrusive igneous

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An ________ rock forms when magma crystallizes within the crust and is composed of medium to coarse grains. It is also known as a plutonic rock.

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intrusive igneous

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Igneous rocks can be named using the binary system which is mainly based on its _____ and ______ of the rock.

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texture and composition

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were formed from organic, mechanical or chemical sediments.

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sedimentary rocks

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A process called ______ is where harden sediments become sedimentary rocks.

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lithification

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FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

is a collective process where sediments are lithified (becomes rock).

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Diagenesis

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Diagenesis has four main parts

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Compaction, Cementation, Recrystallization, Chemical

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C,C,R,C

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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks.

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Clastic sedimentary rocks

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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

are lithified accumulation of dead organisms.

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Biological sedimentary rocks

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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

form from chemical precipitation

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Chemical sedimentary rocks

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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both.

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Non-clastic sedimentary rocks

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are rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids.

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Metamorphic rocks

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FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

is like the chameleon changing its color to protect itself by blending into its environment.

goal is to reestablish equilibrium with the new conditions.

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metamorphism

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Changes in minerals during metamorphism can happen in three possible ways.

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Recrystallization, Neomorphism, Metasomatism

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R, N, M

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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways.

occurs when small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral without melting the rock.

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Recrystallization

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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways.

is the process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same chemical elements.

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Neomorphism

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metamorphism can happen in three possible ways

is the the addition or loss of elements new minerals form with only some of the original elements.

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Metasomatism

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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions and along fractures that are in contact with hot fluids.

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Contact metamorphism

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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

occurs when there are major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme pressure and heat due to deep burial.

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Regional metamorphism

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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

are formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals creating what is called as foliations.

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Foliated metamorphic rocks

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TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

do not have layered appearance. Examples are marble, quartzite, and anthracite

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Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

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The _______ shows that all rocks are related to each other.

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rock cycle

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Igneous rocks can change into _______ or _______ rocks.

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sedimentary or metamorphic

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Sedimentary rocks may also transform into _______ or _______ rocks.

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igneous or metamorphic

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Metamorphic rocks can change into the ________ rock types.

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all the three

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illustrates the relative stability or weathering rate of numerous minerals. This series is roughly the inverse order of original crystallization for minerals found in the Bowen’s reaction series.

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goldich stability series