Earth And Space Science 7-Earth's History

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First Topic:

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MASS EXTINCTIONS

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What is a mass extinction?

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A mass extinction is when there is a global decrease of a certain species in a small time/period.

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What causes mass extinctions?

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Asteroids, Climate change, Volcanoes, Not being able to adapt to their environment

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If you were walking around an area that had just been hit by a mass extinction, what would the environment be like?

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It would have species evolving, new species being created, destroyed plants, animals without food, extinct creatures, changed land and ocean temperatures

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How have mass extinctions affected all living creatures(including us) over time?

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Killing them, Damaging their health, Making some species evolve to survive the extinction

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What was the ice age and when did it happen?

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Temperature dropped, Land and Sea freezing, 86% percent of species lost, 444 million years ago

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What was the Devonian extinction?

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After Ice Age , plant deep roots sent nutrients into ocean, Marine creatures couldn't hold certain nutrients so they suffocated with them, 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost

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What was the Great Dying?

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Worst extinction ever: there was a huge explosion sent gigantic amount of CO2 into atmosphere, Bacteria responded and bleached out methane, Temperature rises up and ocean became almost acid, 251 milion years ago, 96% of species lost

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What happened in the mass extinction called Conodent Teeth?

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This is extinction of a living creature, It was made of hydroxyapatite, Material that remains important in our teeth and bones, No theory has been found about this extinction, 200 million years ago, 80% of species lost

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What was the dinosaur extinction?

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This is the most known extinction, where a huge meteorite crashed into earth and made temperature unstable, Made the environment hard to live in

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Based on the way the world is now, what predictions do you have of future catastrophes like these?

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Pollution causes many problems and if it continues this way, catastrophe will follow. We will create our own extinction by making the planet an impossible place to live in.

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Second Topic:

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TSUNAMIS

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If you were at the beach, and an earthquake happened, would it be safe to be near water? Why?

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No because the sea floor moves with the earthquake, shaking the waters above, and that causes tsunamis

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How do tsunamis generally occur?

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Sudden movement of the ocean, Due to earthquakes, Landslides on the seafloor, Land slumping into the ocean, Major volcanic eruptions, Large meteorite impacts

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What have tsunamis done to the earth?

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Tsunamis affecting humans and wildlife: Destruction Death, Drowned people and destroyed their houses, Can’t Survive cause of force of the oceans, Water Contamination to wildlife animals, Domesticated Animals Dying

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A tsunami is coming, How do you prepare for it?

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Communicate immediately with each other and people around the world, gather medical Supplies to protect each other if anyone gets hurt, Stay in highest building to protect your family and others, and maybe have a scuba Dive Kit to breathe if you go under.

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Third Topic:

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Comets, Meteorites, and Asteroids

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What is a meteoroid?

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Tiny pieces of asteroid or comet that is orbiting the sun

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What is an asteroid?

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A small body that is inactive which is composed of rock carbon or metal that orbits the sun

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What is a comet?

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A small, sometimes active object which is composed of dirt and ice. They are characterised by dust and gas tails when proximity of sun, far from sun and hard to tell apart from the others

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What is a meteorite?

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a meteoroid that survives earth's atmosphere and impact earth's surface

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What is a meteor?

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a meteoroid that burns up in earth's atmosphere ( shooting star)

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What are some disasters that come from meteors, asteroids, and comets?

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Because ofmeteors, dinosaurs don’t exit, A shower of meteorites destroyed several houses and injured 20 people in India, Another Shower of meteors destroyed the center of Russia

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How and why do they occur?

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Meteor showers occur when dust or particles from asteroids or comets enter Earth's atmosphere at very high speed. When they hit the atmosphere, meteors rub against air particles and create friction, heating the meteors. The heat vaporizes most meteors, creating what we call shooting stars.

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How have they affected the environment in winter?

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In Winter if a kilometer meteorite impact in the ground the sky will be darker than normal.

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How do they affect photosynthesis?

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While a rapid drop in a global temperature would directly affect the survival rates of organisms with low tolerance for the cold, the artificial winter resulting from a large impact would have indirect effects even on organisms that could withstand it.

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How do they affect the atmosphere?

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After a large meteorite impact would contain new substances in addition to smoke and ejecta.

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How do they affect water?

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if a meteorite landed instead in an ocean, widespread flooding would result from the giant waves, or tsunami, emanating from the impact site.

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How do they affect evolution?

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Dinosaurs became extinct in the aftermath of an impact 65 million years ago; would likely fare no better today.

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What would be some ways to stop asteroids, comets, and meteors?

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Nuking them, NASA sending a group to destroy it, using something according to the kinetic impact, Using solar sails, making it evaporate by steaming it

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If a meteor shower were to come, what would be you're immediate plan of action?

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Going to an underground shelter and helping each other. The underground shelter should at least be 25 meters underground.

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Are there predictions for more of these

catastrophes?

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Yes. We all know there is a scientific telescope that reaches objects from a large distance. Each time they see something, the record and sees its coordinates, and if it is near the , earth the only thing we can hope is for NASA's saving plan to work.