Eaps 100 Exam 1

Front 1

How did the universe form?

Back 1

big bang theory

Front 2

How did the solar system form?

Back 2

solar nebula, then clumping and gravity increasing, sun formation with cooler clumps turned into planets

Front 3

How did the terrestrial and Jovian planets form? How are they structurally different and what does this tell us about how they formed?

Back 3

terrestrial were mostly rock, and could handle heat, Jovian were ice centered with gases. show us which materials made which planets based on temperature and closeness to the sun.

Front 4

How did the earth become differentiated?

Back 4

difference in densities and temperature and convection currents.

Front 5

How did differentiation of the Earth affect the distribution and abundance of minerals in the Earth?How do mineral abundances differ between the inner core, outer core, mantle, oceanic crust, and continental crust?

Back 5

more dense is at center, lighter is at surface crust, oceanic=basalt > density. crust=granite < dense.

Front 6

What is relative geologic age-dating?

Back 6

order determination, not when the events happened.

Front 7

What is absolute geologic age dating?

Back 7

find exact years of formation on geologic time scale (tree rings radiocarbon dating)

Front 8

What is a half-life of a radiometric isotope?

Back 8

Time for 1/2 of the atoms to disintegrate.

Front 9

Be able to calculate the absolute age of a rock in years give a half-life and a fractional abundance (1/2, 1/4,1/8,...) of the parent daughter.

Back 9

easy, fractional abundance = e^(kt)

Front 10

Be able to calculate the age of a fossil using radiocarbon (C14) age-dating. You should also know the limitations of radiocarbon age-dating.

Back 10

5,730 years is c14 half life

Front 11

What is the age of the oldest rock on earth.

Back 11

4 billion years old.

Front 12

What is the age of metal (iron) meteorites and what does that tell us about the age of the earth?

Back 12

4.6 billion years

Front 13

What is the age of chondrules? What material do they contain and how does this material relate to earth?

Back 13

4.6 billion

Front 14

What are the oldest rock fragments on earth?

Back 14

4.4 billion

Front 15

When does the first fossil first appear in the geologic record? In geologic time?

Back 15

3.4 billion years old. archean fossils.

Front 16

Was life present in the hadean? The archean? The proterozoic?

Back 16

No, yes, yes

Front 17

What does cambrian mean?

Back 17

life

Front 18

What were the first forms? How did they live?

Back 18

bacteria, near sulfur sources

Front 19

What critical information do some of the early fossil communities provide with respect to the early earth? When did oceans form? When did oxygen first become abundant in the atmosphere?

Back 19

photosyntheticmicrobes formed during proterozoic era, during precambrian, during proterozoic era

Front 20

When did the dinosaurs go extinct?

Back 20

65mya

Front 21

What is a mass extinction even and how many ones are documented in the fossil record? What causes mass extinctions?

Back 21

kills large population of plants and animals; 5; volcanism, meteorites, sea level variation, major glaciation, melting gas hydrates, water circulation changes large scale.

Front 22

How old is the earth?

Back 22

4.6 billion

Front 23

How are igneous rocks formed?

Back 23

from magma, molten rock cooling

Front 24

What are the major textures of igneous rocks and what do they tell us about where the rocks were formed?

Back 24

coarse and fine.

coarse=large grains=slowly cooling=intrusive=inside earth

fine=small grains=fast cooling= extrusive=outside earth

Front 25

What are the 4 compositions of igneous rocks and what do they tell us about where these rocks originated (melting of continental crust vs melting of oceanic crust)?

Back 25

felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic

Front 26

What are the 3 types of volcanoes? What types of igneous rocks do they erupt? What types of magma are sources by these volcanoes to produce these rocks?

Back 26

shield,

Front 27

What are the major geologic hazards associated with volcanoes, especially composite volcanoes? Study the mount pinatubo example in relation to geologic hazards since it is a recent, destructive eruption.

Back 27

acid rain, global cooling, lahar, pyroclastic

Front 28

How were the hawaiian islands formed and how do we know?

Back 28

Hot spot, island pop up as crust moves over spot

Front 29

Why do we find certain types of volcanoes in only very specific geographic locations?

Back 29

fault boundaries create volcanoes, or special hot spots.

Front 30

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

Back 30

weathering products of other rocks.

Front 31

What are the major weathering processes and how do they "create" sediment?

Back 31

mechanical and chemical, frost wedging, sheeting, biological activity, cabonic acid,

Front 32

What are the textures of sedimentary rocks and what does each texture tell us about the depositional environment in which the rocks were created? Was the environment a high energy- or low energy, how can you tell?

Back 32

deterrial (conglogermate)(high), chemical (low clay)(med, sandstone) (ions in solution), biochemical (animal shell calcite) (high energy)

Front 33

If we find sedimentary rocks on other planets, what information do they provide regarding past depositional environments and climatic conditions?

Back 33

water

Front 34

How do metamorphic rocks form?

Back 34

altered by pressure and temperature

Front 35

What does the texture and grade of a metamorphic rock tell us about where the rock was formed and under what conditions it formed? Some metamorphic rocks are very common only in certain geologic settings.

Back 35

confining pressure: nonfoliated (sandstone, quartzite); differential stress (foliated: shist and gneiss);

Front 36

What are foliations and what geologic hazard do they create in the Appalachian mountains?

Back 36

banding/layering, rock slides

Front 37

What are the major types of glaciers?

Back 37

alpine, continental ice sheets

Front 38

What are the common glacier deposits?

Back 38

glacial till=unsorted sediment mixture of all sizes, glacial stratified drift=sorted and deposited by glacial meltwater

Front 39

What are the common glacial landforms?

Back 39

terminal morains= piles of glacial till deposited at end of glacier, eskers=streams flow under the glacier, kettle lakes= large blocks dropped by glacier

Front 40

What evidence is there to support continental drift?

Back 40

magnetic anomalies (banding), oceanic ridge system,

Front 41

What is plate tectonics and why is this concept so revolutionary?

Back 41

lithosphere (stronger cooler outer layer) lays floating on top of asthenosphere (hotter inner layer allows flow)

Front 42

What are tectonic plates? How many plates are there?

Back 42

sections of lithosphere, 24 plates

Front 43

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? Where do they occur? How are they related to earthquakes, mountains, and volcanoes?

Back 43

divergent=midocean ridges and rift valleys,

convergent= volcanoes mountains,

transform=mid-ocean ridges

Front 44

What mechanism drives or is responsible for plate movement?

Back 44

differential buoyancy creates convection that moves plates

Front 45

What is the principle of superposition?

Back 45

each layer is younger than one below it.

Front 46

Principle of original horizontality

Back 46

sediment originally deposited horizontally

Front 47

cross-cutting relationships

Back 47

geologic features such as faults and igneous intrusions.

Front 48

lateral continuity

Back 48

sediment deposition extends laterally in all directions.

Front 49

3 types of unconformities

Back 49

angular= tilted or folderd overlain by flat lying sedimentary; disconformity=gap in rock record from erosion period; nonconformity=sedimentary over/under metamorphic or igneous rocks.;

Front 50

2 major types of faults

Back 50

dip-slip: vertical falling type

strike-slip: horizontal type

Front 51

What does strike and dip refer to when describing a geologic formation?

Back 51

strike=displacement of slip

dip= angle of the fault from surface

Front 52

What are the 2 major types of folds?

Back 52

anticline: oldest bottom(push up)

syncline: youngest center (push down)