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362 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lawn salons
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student meetings to discuss political issues (mainly economic concerns)
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President of China during Tiananmen
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Deng Xiaoping
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CCP
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Chinese Communist Party, Xiaoping’s party, tried to stimulate economic development by permitting limited private enterprise
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China Financial crises in late 1980’s causes
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1) state owned enterprises declined because taxed at high rates and low worker wages 2) private enterprises controlled by uneducated rural residents
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Chinese enterprise system economic effects
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1) inflation because state set price for government manufactured products but private could do whatever they wanted 2) corruption – officials accepted bribes to increase product quota
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Chinese student frustration
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began because Deng’s economic reforms were not accompanied with political freedom
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Democracy Wall beginnings
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started in 1978 when Deng released political prisoners and permitted popular action independent of the state
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Democracy Wall
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Chinese put up posters addressing social and political issues, eventually magazines
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Democracy Wall, spring 1979
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Fifth Modernization (political reform) by Wei Jinhsheng angered Deng who imposed formal restrictions on DW activities, imprisoned Wei because of counterrevolutionary propaganda and releasing state secrets
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Chinese student opposition (DW)
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Feb, 1989 students drafted petition for democratization, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners; congregated publicly
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Hu Yaobang
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died in April, 1989; CCP secretary general dismissed for failing to crack down on student protests (did not advocate for democratic rights); death provided pretext for mobilization
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Start of Tiananmen marches
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student mourners painted portrait of Hu and sat – in at the Great Hall of the People (house of government) to petition Premier Li Peng
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Tiananmen petition
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end of corruption and officials privileges, increased funds for education, freedom of speech, right to dialogue with party officials (Li Peng never accepted and protests grew)
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Beijing Provisional Federation of Autonomous Students Association
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students from 21 campuses; primary coordinating body for the movement (100,000 students)
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Beijing Provisional Federation of Autonomous Students Association leaders
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Wang Dan and Wuer Kaixi
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Beijing Provisional Federation of Autonomous Students Association inaugural act
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boycott of classes that spread to almost every Beijing university by end of April
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Government condemnation of BPFASA
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April 26 editorial published in People’s Daily
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Deng forces to quell
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public security officers, People’s Armed Police, People’s Liberation Army
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38th Group Army
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20,000 troops sent in after Hu’s funeral/ at beginning of class boycotts
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student attitudes toward troops (China)
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thought they could get them to sympathize because they were mainly former peasants/ young officers who were well educated and likely sympathetic to the Democracy Movement
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April 27 protest (China)
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150,000 students marched to protest People’s Daily editorial, police did not stop them (unarmed); police didn’t really try to hold back students so they broke through and the troops didn’t bother anymore (reinforced sympathizing hope)
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Hunger strikes (China)
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began on May 13 at Martyr’s Monument at Tiananmen; thousands partook and collapsed (8,200 hospiatlized)
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Hunger strikes effectiveness (China)
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huge in eliciting solidarity from broad population; more than a million came to square to show support
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Militant faction (China)
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Chai Lang = leader (also led hunger strikes)
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State Council meeting (China)
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May 14, government didn’t make public, students disorganized and confrontational
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Failed negotiations effect (China)
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hunger strikes/ Tiananmen occupation continued during Soviet Premier Gorbachev visit
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Gorbachev visit (China)
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marked end of Chinese – Soviet rift between Mao Zedong and Nikita Krushchev, protestors stole media attention
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Police sympathy (China)
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officials carried banners of support and wrote secret letter of support; not surprising because many students wrote letters asking for support; both shared similar frustrations of income inequality and declining purchasing power; People’s Liberation Army especially sympathetic
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Internal divisions and organizational challenges (China)
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hunger strikers fighting against student federation leaders for control of Tiananmen; led to distrust and rumors
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Students from outside of Beijing
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huge population, demanded voice, felt not fully included, formed own associations
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Student - worker tensions (China)
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workers pledged early support and raised funds; students hostile and prevented workers from joining ranks
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Beijing Workers Autonomous Association
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led by Han Dongfang; 5,50 members
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CCP elite division
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Secretary General Zhao Ziyang and Premier Li Peng. Ziyang = increased reform and modernization, losing stature, advocated leniency with protestors. Peng = slow and modest change, government control against protestors
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May 19 (China)
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Deng sided with Li, ending Zhao’s career and turning the party towards hard line action against protestors, prepared to impose martial law, protestors ended hunger strike to prepare for action
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May 20 (China)
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Li announced official martial law
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Martial law impact on protests (China)
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PLA headed into city bust students built barricades against tanks and pleaded with soldiers, soldiers stopped, unwilling to kill people, eventually ordered to withdraw (went a few hours out, implying confrontation was not over)
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Divisions after military (China)
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students from outside Beijing outnumber Beijing students
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May 27 (China)
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Wang Dan of Beijing Student Association announced 10 point program to remove Ping and withdraw from Tiananmen after mass rally on May 30
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Opposition to 10 point
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students from outside wanted to keep going until June 20 when National People’s Congress convened, wanted direct confrontation within the government (caused Wang Dan to resign)
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Statue of Liberty replica
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Shanghai demonstrators brought to City Hall, brought new momentum to movement
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Goddess of Democracy
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put in Tiananmen on May 30, giving movement new edge
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Movement unraveling causes (China)
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early June. 1) Government staged counterdemonstrations 2) soldiers took control of Chinese media to warn residents to stay home 3) internal tensions escalated 4) unemployed people joined and vandalized government property
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June 3 (China)
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army entered city from all directions; protestors tried to stop; police used tear gas; crowd got violent; student leaders appealed for nonviolence
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Tiananmen massacre
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troops were violent and killed thousands to enter square; many didn’t believe, PLA prepared to kill people defying martial law
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Protestor reaction to massacre (China)
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some tried to negotiate and told crowd they must evacuate; leader Li Lu held vote and eventually everyone evacuated
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Factors in students favor (China)
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1) weak economy made government vulnerable 2) division within CCP 3) democracy salon/ free space emergence 4) Gorbachev visit provided political opportunity
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Movement downfall reason (China)
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student failure to get support from members of CCP, alienated workers and foreign students, managers threatened to fire anyone who participated, didn’t trust entrepreneurs
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Three civil resistance techniques not successfully used (China)
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1) withholding skills 2) withdrawing material resources 3) undermining state sanctioned power
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How students could have undermined state’s repressive capacity (China)
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1) undermining loyalty of troops 2) refusing to be deterred by punishments/ repression
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Why did soldiers turn violent? (China)
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1) CCP was aware of troop resistance to violence so brought in new troops that were not subject to appeals 2) faced hostile crowds 3) fatigue from 2 months of opposition
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East Germany
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German Democratic Republic (GDR), formed after WWII, Soviet – Stalinist practices, independent state by 1949 headed by communist party (SED)
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SED
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intolerant of people working against socialist agenda (especially religious peeps)
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Emigration from East to West
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spurred by workers imprisoned for speaking out against govt., rose in response to economic policies
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East economic policies that encouraged emigration
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1) SED collectivized private farms, set unrealistic work standards 2) work quotas/ low consumption levels (basic goods rationed)
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Reason for strikes (EG)
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citizens put in long workdays but their purchasing power declined because of military spending
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Spring, 1953 (EG)
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Soviet leaders pressured SED to alter economic measures because feared national destabilization. EG govt conceded that socialist policies implemented too quickly
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New Course
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introduced by EG govt, included many reforms but kept stringent work quotas
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Start of June 1953 uprising (EG)
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shop stewards in Berlin construction site launched sit down strike to protest work quotas, drafted resolution and presented to govt.
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June 17 (EG)
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marched in streets to the Council of Ministers, general strike suggested and started
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Strike participation (EG)
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418,000 – tore through govt. offices
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EG govt attempt to control strike
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martial law, troops in, groups threatened with punishment, 44,000 kept demonstrating, many arrested
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Idea policing (EG)
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SED kept lid on protests and more people emigrated, causing SED to tighten borders
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August, 1961 (EG)
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wall went up
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EG surveillance
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Ministry of State Security (Stasi), population grew, secret informers publicly and privately contracted, organized career and personal failures, created climate of surveillance and minimized opposition
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Free space in EG
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Protestant Church (weird because EG was largely secular), Stasi unable to suppress because religious
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Union of Lutheran Churches
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convening point for civic groups concerned about peace, human rights, environment
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East Berlin Zion Church
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activists reported on state’s environmental abuses (church based environmental library)
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Church protection (EG)
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1978 agreement with government, protected domain, dwindling numbers indicated no real threat, police not allowed to intervene
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Lepzig churches
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forefront of movement, many activist pastors (Christian Fuhrer, Wolfgang Groeger), under their leadership, many groups emerged at St. Nicholas focusing on politics
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Working Group in the Service of Pease
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former construction workers who opposed the military, help first peace prayer with Christoph Wonneberger, became weekly
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Peace prayer services
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weekly, Wonneberger led, activists promoted agendas, 700 people/ week, growth fueled by concern over nuclear missiles stationed on German soil and appeal to nonreligious
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Initiative Group for Life (IGL)
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nonviolent resistance, offered workshops and training in nonviolent direct action
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Jan 12, 1989 (EG)
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IGL handed out leaflets calling for demonstration at Leipzig City Hall, date = Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht commemoration, dozens arrests and jailed, Leipzig became center for opposition
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EG govt vulnerability
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to external influence and change, linked to Soviet Union because of econ. Subsidies, military reinforcement, politics, Soviet economic, military withdrawal decreased regime power (also economy)
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Economy (EG)
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deteriorating, no new tech, infrastructural decay, declining demand for EG products, foreign debt, govt hid but people knew
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Conditions for uprising (EG)
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rising opposition, Gorbachev undercut EG capacity for subduing uprising
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Trigger event (EG)
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Budapest govt. dismantled guard posts at Austro – Hungarian border, thousands of EG slipped through illegally, Hungary terminated agreement with SED to return all EG’s
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Second exit strategy (EG)
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thousands occupied WG embassy in Prague, Budapest, Warsaw et al. and filed for refugee status, 15,000 left GDR, “model socialist state” reputation tarnished
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Emigration as strategy
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mass departure has social/ economic devastation for state, skilled labor fled
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Travel ban (EG)
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EG suspended travel to Czechoslovakia (EG could visit without visa)
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Rise of street dissent (EG)
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news about other citizen movements spurred,
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Sept. 11 (EG)
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police cordoned of St. Nicholas Square, 1,000 people demonstration, many arrested, churches held prayer vigils
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Strategy to stop demonstrations (EG)
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1) mobilize SED militia to occupy downtown 2) pressure churches to remove activist pastors (churches refused) 3) propaganda portraying demonstrators as malcontents 4) key leaders detained
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Oct 2 (EG)
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St. Nicholas peace prayer drew 10,000, violent action by police, many organizations formed
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New Forum
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large opposition organization, 200,000 members
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Oct 7 (EG)
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10,000 demonstrators in Berlin
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Oct 9 (EG)
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Leipzig peace prayer, SED leader Honecker ordered shoot to kill, everyone feared tragedy, protestors were peaceful and there was no violence
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Why St. Nicholas did not turn violent
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1) party officials wanted to avoid intl. sanctions 2) troops were unprepared for massive turnout 3) SED was divided on how to handle demonstrators (no documented explanation for reals though)
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Militia member disillusionment
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members unwilling to fight for state, increasingly unwilling to cooperate, could see that demonstrators were not contemptible enemies of state, many troops identifies more with people than party
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Elite division (EG)
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Krenz and Gunther Schabowski said it was time for new leader, Krenz appointed head and announced he would chat with opp. About reforms
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Demands in November
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end to SED dominance, free elections, unrestricted travel
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Krenz travel change
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citizens could travel up to one month abroad/ year with govt permission, demonstration held in Leipzig demanding wall down, travel w/o visa
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Volkskammer response
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refused to accept Krenz plan, SED Council of Ministers resigned, Politburo resigned
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New Politburo members
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encouraged more liberal travel policy, Krenz accepted Nov. 9
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Nov 9 (EG)
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20,000 gathered at Berlin Wall, demanded opening, wall came down
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Nov 24 (EG)
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article that granted SED sole power to rule removed from EG constitution
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Nov 29 (EG)
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Stasi dismantled
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Dec 4 (EG)
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Politburo and Central Committee members resigned
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Dec 6 (EG)
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Krenz resigned, elections to be held Mar 16, 1990
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1990 elections (EG)
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93.4% turnout to elect EG – WG unification govt
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Egon Krenz
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Politburo member in charge of security, claimed he told Leipzig to not be violent, discredited
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structural factors key to mobilization
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1) economic downturn 2) repression/ state – sanctioned atrocity 3) elite defections 4) free space
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techniques of civil resistance
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1) refusal to acknowledge regime authority 2) refusal to cooperate or comply with laws 3) challenging mentalities of obedience 4) withholding skills 5) withholding material resources 6) undermining state sanctioning power
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security force defections
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1) from bottom up (EG) 2) top down (China) 3) just a **** storm of defections
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why troops remain loyal
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1) financial interests 2) fear of retaliation
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factors that undermine movement’s chances of winning
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1) divided leadership or internal factions 2) inability to remain nonviolent 3) external sanctions that backfired
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problems with sanctions
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1) country may create new allies for the regime 2) politicians heavily dependent on foreign support
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forms of religious support given to nonviolent uprisings
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1) free space 2) denunciation of the regime 3) organizational resources 4) encouraged mutiny 5) nonviolence training offered 6) directly helped to maintain nonviolent discipline
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Huntington’s argument in Political Order in Changing Societies
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widespread domestic violence and instability of the 1950s and 1960s in many parts of the world was in large part the product of rapid social change and the rapid mobilization of new groups into politics, coupled with the slow development of political institutions (lead – lag model)
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Huntington’s criteria for the institutionalization of the existing political organization
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adaptability, complexity, autonomy, coherence
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Huntington’s balanced development theory
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rapid social change, mobilization, political institutionalization
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Eastern pattern of revolution
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new groups mobilize into politics, fashion new political institutions, overthrow old order
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Western pattern of revolution
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old political institutions disintegrate and then new groups mobilize into politics, create new political institutions, come to power
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Immediate cause of revolution (Eastern and Western)
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discrepancy between the performance of the regime and the demands being made upon it
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Huntington perceptions that make sense
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1) revolutions and violence flow out of central political process 2) opp. Claims and counterclaims are important to structure of power 3) large scale structural change transforms identities of politicians
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Three kinds of social units within a population
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1) government 2) contender for power 3) polity
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Contender for power
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a group within the population which at least once during some standard period applies resources to influence that government
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Polity
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the set of contenders which routinely and successfully lays claim on that government
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Three necessary political conditions for revolution
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1) the appearance of contenders advancing exclusively alternative claims for govt. control 2) commitment to said claims by a significant part of the population 3) unwillingness of govt. agents to suppress alternative coalition
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Strongly facilitating condition for revolution
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formation of coalitions between members of the polity and the contenders making the alternative claims
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How an alternative bloc is formed
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1) mobilization of a new contender outside the polity 2) turning away of an existing challenger from acceptance of the polity’s current operating roles 3) turning away of an existing member from its established place in the polity
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Acceptance of alternative claims is likely to generalize when
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1) govt fails to meet established obligations 2) increases demands on subject population 3) alternative claims are cast within a moral framework employed by many members of the population 4) allegiance between existing govt and enemy of a large segment of pop. 5) coercive resources of alternative bloc increase
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Largest factor of promotion of revolutions and collective violence in the West in the past 5 centuries
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the great concentration of power in national states
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Revolution
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a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of a society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, government activities and policies; a characteristic of modernization
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Coup d’etat
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changes only leadership and policies
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Rebellion/ insurrection
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may change policies, leadership, political institutions but not social structure and values
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War of independence
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a struggle of one community against rule by an alien community, does not necessarily involve changes in the social structure of either community
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When does revolution occur
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not in highly traditional societies with low levels of social and economic complexity, not in highly modern societies, in societies which have experienced some social and economic development and where the processes of political modernization and development have lagged behind the processes of social and economic change
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Political modernization
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the extension of political consciousness to new social groups and the mobilization of these groups into politics
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Political development
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the creation of political institutions sufficiently adaptable, complex, autonomous, and coherent
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The second phase of a revolution
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the creation and institutionalization of a new political order
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The measure of how revolutionary a revolution is
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the rapidity and the scope of the expansion of political participation
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The measure of how successful a revolution is
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the authority and stability of the institutions to which it gives birth
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Principal struggle of Western revolution
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between the moderates and the radicals
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Two prerequisites for revolution
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1) political institutions incapable of providing channels for the participation of new social forces in politics and of new elites in govt. 2) the desire of social forces to participate in politics
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Revolutions do not occur in
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democratic political systems
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Great surprise of 1989
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the rebellious actions of the Poles and other Eastern Europeans were accepted and encouraged from Gorbachev’s Soviet regime and Gorbachev asked E. European govts to restrain repression
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What occurred in 1989
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the collapse of the communist regime, dissolution of all Soviet institutions of govt and the ideology that supported them, economic and political chaos as new groups struggled to reconstitute new states
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Trends toward revolution
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decline in state effectiveness and fiscal strength, increased alienation and conflict among elites, clogged routes of social mobility that create competition among elite aspirants, increase in mass mobilization potential
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Four types of power
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economic, ideological, military, political
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Soviet Union economically after WWII
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steady industrial growth rate established centers of modern industrial production
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Soviet Union militarily after WWII
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kept NATO and US on defensive throughout world
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Gorbachev economic efforts
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bankrupted state
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The failure of socialism became most marked in
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the environmental arena in the wake of Chernobyl
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Apr. 29, 1986
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a nuclear reactor at Chernobyl nuclear power station overheated leading to explosions and fires that spread radioactive material, Soviet authorities did not recognize until days later and ordered public facilities to remain open
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Main social divide among the elites in Soviet Russia
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between the younger, better educated, more urban artists, writers, academicians, professionals, technical specialists who liked Gorbachev then Yeltsin, and older provincial party careerists and officials who supported status quo
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Intifada
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the uprising by the Palestinian people against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza
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Three central questions of revolutionary collective action
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1) why do people rebel? 2) how is revolutionary collective action sustained in the face of overwhelming counterforce? 3) how does the revolutionary process shape the political outcome in an emerging state?
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Two bases on which notable’s authority rested were a web of traditional patron (Palestine)
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client relationships and ownership of land
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New elite
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sought political and social transformation, to undermine social bases of political power
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Grassroots organizations in Palestine
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student blocs, labor unions, women’s committees, voluntary work organizations; provided a means to oppose notable power and build the social and political relations necessary to sustain the Intifada
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First structural change in Palestine
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changing patterns of employment, land tenure, higher education
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Second structural change in Palestine
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Israeli confiscation of land
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Third structural change in Palestine
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development of Palestinian University system (1972)
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Frontal assault on notables by Israeli government
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1) outlawed Palestine National Front 2) dismissed mayors elected in 1976 municipal Palestine elections
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Devolved authority
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authority spread downward in society and became much more diffused within it than before
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Institutions of devolved authority
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grassroots orgs, popular committees (Intifada, Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU)), militant groups,
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Growing influence of Islam in Palestinian society in the 1980’s
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social practices, institution building, student body elections, public opinion surveys
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Two Islamist factions in the occupied territories that stood out
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Muslim Brethren (old, big, influential) and Islamic Jihad (militant, aggressive)
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Why was Palestine lost according to Islamists?
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as God’s punishment for turning away from Islam
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Muslim brotherhood policy on Israeli presence in Middle East
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formally rejected
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Islamic Resistance Movement
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Hamas, Palestinian Islamist movement, undertook an ideological campaign devoted to the idea that Palestine should not be ceded to Israel and grew militant, competed with PLO for authority
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Structural changes that brought revolution (Palestine)
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weakened elite and brought counterelite to forefront
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Sustained collective action
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directly linked to the reorganization of authority in Palestinian society by the mobilization efforts of the new elite
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What type of revolution was the Intifada?
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social because of its social transformative element, sought to remake internal Palestinian society
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How is Palestine exceptional?
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1) Intifada produced polity without enjoying success 2) political elite that came to power after revolution was not the same that was in power before
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Oslo Accords
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developed in Oslo by Israeli and Palestinian negotiators
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Declaration of Principles
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1993, signed at WH
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Gaza – Jericho agreement
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1994, allowed for the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the Gaza Strip and Jericho
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Al – Aqsa Intifada
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2000
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How the Oslo Accords shaped the Palestinian state building process
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1) made possibility of Palestinian statehood more likely 2) focused exclusively on interim arrangements 3) revived a fiscally bankrupt and politically dying PLO in Tunisia and put power in Gaza and the West Bank
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Dominant tribe in 18th, 19th c. Afghanistan
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Pashtun
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P.M Mohammad Daud
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committed to rapid socioeconomic modernization
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1955 Deal
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Afghan – Soviet
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foreign aid in Afghanistan
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major source of revenue, provided wealth that changed state/ rural society relationship
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1963 Afghanistan
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P.M. Daud resigns, King Zahir Shah rules (focuses on limited democratization)
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1936 – 1973 Afghanistan
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Shah constitutional rule
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1973 Afghanistan
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P.M. Daud leads coup to dispose of king that fails
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ulema
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religious institution that held power in Afgh.
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Why did Daud resign?
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King wanted to go to parliamentary democracy and forced Daud to resign
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Pashtun
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half of pop, not a business language (contentious issue)
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1964 language
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Pashtun and Persian declared official languages but Pashtun was national lang. (caused many divisive issues)
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Daud modernization
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Westernization, spurred Islamist movement against
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Political parties in Afgh.
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King allowed but had no formal role, led to conflicts, Communist, Islamist, Nationalist
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People’s Democratic Party of Aghanistan (PDPA)
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big Communist party, formed in 1465, Marxist theory
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Afghan Social Democratic Party (ASDP)
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formed in 1966, nationalist, representative parliamentary democracy, Pashtun
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Attempted coup (Afgh)
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Zahir cared about Westernization > people, economic stagnation, 1973, Daud launched anti – Islamist campaign, PDPA opposed Daud, 1978 – PDPA tried to overthrow and succeeded
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PDPA Decree #6
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rural debt, taxes down, no interest, tried to get rid of feudal systems, destroyed rural credit systems
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PDPA Decree #7
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regulated marriage and wedding expenses, seen as unnecessary govt intervention
|
|
|
PDPA Decree #8
|
land redistribution, thought it would help peasants, failed
|
|
|
PDPA Decree #3
|
replaced Afgh. Flag to completely red flag
|
|
|
Cases for revolution
|
launched all changes at once, class warfare, elite alienation, popular discontent
|
|
|
Dec, 1979 (Afgh)
|
Soviets invade Afgh. And rebellion spreads to rest of country. US supports afghan resistance to Soviet occupation
|
|
|
Anti Soviet resistance groups
|
7 main – Islamists, Traditionalists
|
|
|
President of PDPA
|
Najibullah
|
|
|
SA racial makeup
|
¾ black with many different linguistic and ethnic groups (largest = Bantu) 15% white 3% Asian 9% mixed (“colored”)
|
|
|
1948 SA
|
apartheid officially adopted, strict racial segregation, only whites allowed to do many things, election sweeped by whites b/c they could vote
|
|
|
African National Congress (ANC)
|
worked against apartheid, leaders banned or imprisoned
|
|
|
United Democratic Front (UDF)
|
claimed to have no association with ANC or leaders
|
|
|
Armed struggle role in SA
|
attracted popular support to the anti apartheid movement, demonstrated persistence of resistance of white supremacy despite repression, complicated badge of commitment for anti – apartheid activists
|
|
|
ANC Defense Campaign
|
1952, refused to obey segregationist rules in public spaces, huge success in terms of mobilization, massive arrests and gains in membership, no political achievements
|
|
|
Role of communism in SA
|
govt rebranded anti – apartheid as communism
|
|
|
Sharpeville
|
massacre, 1960, many shot as tried to run from police, 20,000 arrested, political parties banned
|
|
|
International support (SA)
|
no country felt obliged to help end apartheid, US loaned $ to shore up SA capital reserves
|
|
|
ANC guerillas
|
several dramatic attacks, Christian, tried to avoid civilian deaths, limited targets to military installations and economic sabotage, not militarily successful
|
|
|
Soweto uprising
|
1976, high school students interrupted public life
|
|
|
Nelson Mandela
|
first commander of MK (ANC’s armed wing), rejected govt offers to release him from jail if he denounced armed struggle
|
|
|
Armed propaganda (SA)
|
boosted activist morale
|
|
|
ANC nonviolent strategy
|
make townships ungovernable
|
|
|
Economic factors in favor of communist collapse
|
inefficient, technologically stagnant, incapable of keeping pace with capitalist West
|
|
|
Fall of communism in EE result of
|
reformist orientation of the Soviet leader and his refusal to deploy Soviet forces to defend the Soviet Union’s satellite regimes in the region
|
|
|
EE totalitarianism in the 1960’s
|
decreased, post – totalitarian regimes emerged
|
|
|
Salamis for submission
|
post totalitarian policy, if a regime could not produce salami, they could not expect submission
|
|
|
Soft budget constraints of state enterprises
|
provided few incentives for efficient production, quality control, development of labor saving techniques
|
|
|
Economic stagnation in EE
|
led a number of EE states to borrow heavily from the West during the 1970’s, compounded problems of external dependence, led to a number of experiments with economic liberalization and decentralization
|
|
|
State – socialist regimes
|
used repression against those who sought social change
|
|
|
Opposition movements in EE in 1989 characteristics similar to third world revolutionary movements
|
1) multiclass movements 2) widespread anger against state authorities 3) nationalism or patriotism 4) led by radical leadership 5) initiative and reactive ideologies
|
|
|
Opposition to communism people
|
not confined to the poorest or the most oppressed segments of society: general movement
|
|
|
Opposition to communism anger
|
against political authority, economic resource control
|
|
|
Beginning of 1989 China situation
|
better clothed, fed, housed than a decade earlier when political reform was introduced
|
|
|
Cultural diversity in 1989 China
|
reforms improved, literature, art, idea restrictions relaxed, cultural heritage, Western media, ancestor worship, feudal remnants, led to boom in domestic tourism
|
|
|
Three groups within the population representing views of reform (China):
|
not far enough, too far, satisfied
|
|
|
Beijing Spring demonstration group
|
not far enough
|
|
|
Not far enough makeup
|
students, intellectuals, urban entrepreneurs,
|
|
|
Not far enough “slogan”
|
improved treatment of intellectuals and future intellectuals, reforms aimed at giving such individuals greater autonomy, comfortable working conditions, greater rewards, increased freedom
|
|
|
Reform success to not far enough
|
significant gap between reform goals and present realities under reform, many found themselves in the same job
|
|
|
Not far enough anger
|
hypocrisy involved in the meritocratic vision of reform, did not produce society in which the educated, skilled, hardworking, innovative received reward and prestige
|
|
|
Not far enough goal
|
reduce power of the party/ state bureaucracy, but alternative not mass egalitarian democracy
|
|
|
May Fourth Movement
|
China’s student led, Western oriented reform movement, 1919
|
|
|
Too far people
|
massive, made task of building popular support for further reform problematic, industrial workers, low level bureaucrats and party officials, army, police, not articulate
|
|
|
Lives of Chinese before 1949
|
constant fear of unemployment, inflation, impoverishment transformed by socialist system
|
|
|
Selective firing
|
women over men, justified by saying that male workers were less troublesome and more productive
|
|
|
Management rights over state firms
|
1988 + 1989, govt considered contracting out, made bureaucrats and intellectuals angry, justified saying that it would turn failing enterprises around and preserve jobs, seen as sellout of socialism and return to exploitative capitalism
|
|
|
Chief complaints of too fars
|
fixed incomes prevented them from benefiting as much as others from the reforms, reforms threatened their power and prestige within their local groups and society
|
|
|
Too far vision
|
not one in which party bureaucrats would be replaced at the top of the social pyramid by meritocratic experts
|
|
|
Too far resentment target
|
entrepreneurs, well educated experts and managers, high level leaders
|
|
|
Factors that made economic frustration severe (China):
|
1) years of enforced Spartan living of the Mao period that left every group in society feeling that its just demands for material improvement urgency needed to be met 2) inflation
|
|
|
Two satisfied groups (China):
|
peasants, high ranking bureacrats
|
|
|
Peasant view of reform (China):
|
rescued them from state – enforced poverty
|
|
|
Important element in revolution building (China)
|
relaxation of political control that occurred in the reform era
|
|
|
What made 1989 China different from previous years
|
crumbling of unity within the elite and the implicit and explicit encouragement that the more ardent reformers within the leadership gave to students and others to raise critical voices
|
|
|
PWNER
|
regional EU in US (Oregon, Canada, Washington, etc.)
|
|
|
Treaty of Rome
|
1957, attempt to get economy going, Belgium, France, W. Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Luxembourg, created EEC
|
|
|
European Economic Community
|
similar to NAFTA (free trade)
|
|
|
1973 EEC change
|
expands and allows UK, Ireland, Denmark, becomes European Community, creates unicameral European Parliament, creates European Executive (legislative) with commission and rotating countries, created European Court
|
|
|
1975 Spain
|
fascist under Franco
|
|
|
1986 added countries
|
Spain, Portugal (controversial because Franco just died)
|
|
|
1980 added country
|
Greece (prematurely because of Cyprus
|
|
|
COMECON
|
grouping of communist countries
|
|
|
1988 EU action
|
issues invitation to EE countries
|
|
|
1989 Europe
|
communism falls
|
|
|
1995 EU
|
recognized as official, Austria, Sweden, Finland added
|
|
|
2004 added countries
|
Poland, Hungary, Czech Rep., Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Malta, Slovenia
|
|
|
Recent additions to EU
|
Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus
|
|
|
Countries that really want to join EU but can’t because to poor
|
Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Albania, Belarus, Maldova
|
|
|
European Neighborhood Plan
|
colonized N. Africa
|
|
|
Arab – Mogrub – Union
|
Qadafi created, free trade in N. Africa
|
|
|
Permanent democracy $
|
$9,000 <
|
|
|
1980 Yugoslavia
|
Tito dies (ruled with iron grip), end of abject poverty
|
|
|
1991 Europe
|
Slovenia leaves Yugoslavia to join EU
|
|
|
Where do Serbs live?
|
E, NE Croatia
|
|
|
Bosnia ethnic groups
|
Serbs (E. Orthodox), Croats (Catholic), muslims
|
|
|
Eastern Orthodox
|
don’t follow Pope, have own patriarchs
|
|
|
Umberto Rossi
|
nationalist Italian leader, Northern League party
|
|
|
1992 – 1995
|
war in Croatia because of Catholic Croats and Serbs, Serbs fighting in Bosnia
|
|
|
land of Serbia
|
Kosovo
|
|
|
Kosovo ethnic makeup
|
90% ethnic Albanians
|
|
|
1054
|
Great Schism, Ottomans took over Serbia
|
|
|
Slobodan Milosevic
|
1989 = rise, tells 10% they rule, didn’t regard 90% Albanian Muslims (form parallel society)
|
|
|
Kosovo Liberation Army
|
formed against 10%, Called terrorist group by Milosevic
|
|
|
EU joint military task force
|
UN precedent, Serbs open fire, US gets involved,
|
|
|
Dayton Accords
|
US put embargo on Serbia until they stop providing arms to rebels, Serbs had to give up land from 60% to 49%
|
|
|
Croatian Muslim Federation
|
got 51% of land
|
|
|
1999 Clinton
|
told Milosevic that Serbia needs to withdraw military from Kosovo, Milosevic withdraws because many people are killed, Kosovo split up between countries, NATO airstrikes kill a ton of people, long history of conflict in the region
|
|
|
1991 Albania
|
held elections won by communists, Italy intervenes
|
|
|
Sali Berisha
|
dominant Albanian politician
|
|
|
1997 Albania
|
people and army marched on government, Italy intervenes
|
|
|
Macedonia
|
Greeks have problem because of Alexander the Great, had to call themselves the Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia
|
|
|
Soviet Union
|
began in 1917, became nuclear power in 1949
|
|
|
Communism goal
|
economic equality
|
|
|
Capitalism goal
|
political equality
|
|
|
Best oil in the world
|
Libya and Iran
|
|
|
1980 – 1999
|
SU funnels $ into Afghanistan
|
|
|
1989 SU
|
SU coup, Gorbachev arrested, starts cutting national costs, Yeltsin becomes president
|
|
|
Four countries that didn’t join new commonwealth after SU breakup
|
Baltics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Georgia
|
|
|
Bahrain
|
3rd country in Middle East with majority Shiite, Sunni rule, no democracy, pro – US
|
|
|
1960 UN resolution
|
bans colonization
|
|
|
North Africa is
|
Arab
|
|
|
Moritania, Sudan religion
|
Islam
|
|
|
2001 world religious makeup
|
2.1 B Christians, 1.1 B Muslim
|
|
|
2013 world religious makeup
|
2.2 B. Christians, 1.9 B. Muslim
|
|
|
Al Qaeda
|
academy to train revolutionaries
|
|
|
Long term goal of Arab nations
|
join EU
|
|
|
African Union
|
Qadhafi created in 1999
|
|
|
Benefits of Africa joining EU
|
end strifes, be friends with each other
|
|
|
2007 Darfur
|
US takes control of opposition
|
|
|
Principles to get country off ground (especially Africa)
|
1) democracy 2) internal conflict/ economic development 3) industrialize 4) international investment 5) free trade 6) infrastructure 7) export 8) national resources 9) regional cooperation 10) borders?
|
|
|
Sudan Defense Force
|
WWII aids Africa
|
|
|
1956 Arab
|
Nassar in Egypt (Arab nationalism)
|
|
|
December 2010
|
start of Arab spring, all 19 states caught the democracy bug
|
|
|
Order of Arab revolutions
|
Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen
|
|
|
“Arab exception”
|
the apparent inability of neo patriarchal states to move towards political norms shared by most of the world
|
|
|
Morsi overthrown
|
by combination of popular rejection and military muscle
|
|
|
Persistent insurgency countries
|
El Salvador, Guatemala, Peru, Colombia
|
|
|
Defeated rebellions
|
Malaya, Philippines, Venezuela
|
|
|
Five major popularly supported rebellions that developed in Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s
|
Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru
|
|
|
Shining Path insurgencies
|
Salvador, Guatemala, Peru
|
|
|
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
|
Salvador, never militarily defeated
|
|
|
Guatemalan National Revolution Unity (URNG)
|
launched offensives in the 1980s, recognized political organization
|
|
|
Maoist Communist Party of Peru
|
Sendero Luminoso, effectively defeated
|
|
|
Successful insurgency example
|
Vietnam, Cuba, Nicaragua
|
|
|
Defeated revolutionary movement example
|
Malayan Communist Party in British Malaya, Communist led Huk revolution in Philippines, Communist led party in postwar Greece, Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, Armed Forces of National Liberation in Venezuela
|
|
|
Third, neglected, revolution category
|
protracted or persistent insurgency
|
|
|
Persistent insurgency example
|
Burma, Colombia
|
|
|
Guatemala insurgency
|
early 1960s (US sponsored counterinsurgency)
|
|
|
What’s notable about El Salvador?
|
massive death, death squads, internal displacement
|
|
|
Peru human rights
|
worst of any country in the world from 1987 – 1991 in terms of disappearances
|
|
|
Venezuela insurgency
|
largest Latin America guerilla movement of the 1960s, inspired by the Cuban Revolution, decisively defeated by the Salvadoran and Guatemalan regimes
|
|
|
Why do persistent insurgencies persist?
|
they are especially large and popular
|
|
|
Why are defeated insurgencies defeated?
|
they are smaller and more vulnerable to counterinsurgency
|
|
|
Why are large and popular insurgencies able to remain large and popular?
|
1) racial/ ethnic in nature and rooted in class or socioeconomic grievances 2) have only been defeated where incumbent regimes have received substantial foreign assistance, particularly military aid
|
|
|
Did Peru receive substantial external assistance in the 1980s?
|
no
|
|
|
US military aid to Venezuala government in the 1960s
|
no more than 5% of that country’s total military expenditures
|
|
|
El Salvador aid
|
US gave $3 billion in economic aid and $1 billion in military aid (insurgency persisted)
|
|
|
Revolutionary movements that receive massive foreign aid will ____
|
be able to persist, while those that do not, will not
|
|
|
Insurgencies and land reform
|
will persist, if not seize power, where no land reform is enacted
|
|
|
Unequal land distribution in Latin America
|
Guatemala
|
|
|
Venezuela land reform
|
regime established 800 < settlements between 1958 and 1968
|
|
|
Philippine land reform in 1950s
|
nonexistent (haha trick question *****)
|
|
|
Principal counterinsurgency tool in Malaya
|
resettlement of 600,000 Chinese rural squatters into New Villages (reverse land reform)
|
|
|
Rebellions are doomed when regimes introduce
|
competitive elections (allow people to express grievances at a low cost with no risk)
|
|
|
Electoral hypothesis confirmation countries
|
Philippines, Malaya, Venezuela
|
|
|
Electoral hypothesis antiexamples
|
El Salvador, Guatemala
|
|
|
Competitive elections do not
|
guarantee that groups can make political demands without suffering violent repression
|
|
|
Armed revolutionary movements result from
|
the violent suppression of the peaceful political activities of aggrieved people who have the capacity to rebel
|
|
|
Why did the FMLN disarm?
|
because they realized they could not win the war and because the government agreed to recognize fundamentally its armed forces under UN supervision
|
|
|
Three important factors for research on negotiated settlements of civil wars
|
1) the pervasiveness of racism among military officers 2) the extent of corruption within the officer corps 3) the extent of military prerogatives within the polity
|
|
|
April 1975
|
US backed South Vietnamese regime fell, Communist forces seized power in Cambodia, Laos
|
|
|
Guinea - Bissau colonial power
|
Portugal
|
|
|
Countries that emerged after pro – Soviet regimes entered Ethiopia and Afghanistan in 1979
|
Mozambique, Angola
|
|
|
Anti – Marxist commentators
|
tend to emphasize the role of economic factors in the demise of Communism, communism collapsed because it represented a form of economic organization that was inefficient, technologically stagnant, incapable of competing with capitalist West
|
|
|
1989 term
|
triumph of a new civil society, old regime pulled down by a combination of political dissidents, capitalist entrepreneurs
|
|
|
deus ex machine
|
Albert Hirschman, the fall of Communism in EE was an inevitable result of the reformist orientation of the Soviet leader and of his refusal to employ Soviet forces to defend the Soviet Unions satellite regimes in that region
|
|
|
Alex Tocqueville
|
study of French Revolution, state constructionism, emphasizes how the organizational configurations of state’s patterns of activity affect political culture, encourage group formations and collective political actions and make possible the raising of certain political issues
|
|
|
Neopatrimonial personalist dictatorship examples
|
Mexico, Iran, Cuba, Nicaragua,
|
|
|
Radically exclusionary and repressive colonial regime examples
|
Vietnam, Algeria, Angola
|
|
|
States destroyed by Second and Third World Revolutions properties
|
1) highly autonomous of weakly organized domestic social classes, interest groups, and associations in civil society 2) economically/ militarily dependent upon foreign powers 3) repressive of independent opposition movements 4) implicated in the ownership or control of important economic sectors
|
|
|
Explosive mixture in 2nd and 3rd world revolutionary movements
|
extreme state autonomy, external dependence, exclusionary authoritarianism, politicized economy
|
|
|
Prerevolutionary states in Iran and Nicaragua government
|
highly autonomous and personalistic dictatorships
|
|
|
Dependent factors of economic enterprises in Eastern Europe
|
less dependent on economic rationality than on access to state resources and protection from would – be competitors, dependent on political loyalty to state leaders, party membership, personal connections, outright corruption
|
|
|
Economic stagnation in EE
|
led to a number of EE states to borrow heavily from the West during the 1970s, compounded problems of external dependence
|
|
|
Repression and political exclusion
|
weakens the appeals of opposition groups calling for reforms or accommodations with existing regimes and strengthens the radicals who argue that the entire social and political order must be redone
|
|
|
Five shared characteristics between EE and 3rd world revs
|
1) multiclass movements 2) widespread anger against state authorities 3) anger at nationalism or patriotism 4) led by radical leadership 5) imitative and reactive ideologies
|
|
|
Fusion principle
|
Bartlomiej Kaminski, fusion of the despotic state and the economy, rendered political authorities responsible for all that happened in EE, encouraged the politicization and nationalization of initially local struggles over the price of goods
|
|
|
Refolutions
|
negotiated revolutions
|
|
|
Differences between revolutionary processes in EE and 3rd world
|
1) spontaneous and peaceful nature of 1989 2) urban character of mobilization 3) absence of counterrevolutionary violence
|
|
|
Factors explaining the peaceful revolutions in EE
|
1) Gorbachev 2) Communists perceived liberalization and open elections as elements of strategic retreat that was necessary 3) EE ruling elites not physically threatened by their opponents 4) embourgeoisment/ self – privatization
|
|
|
Success of most revolutionary movements of the Cold War era
|
hell nah
|
|
|
Successful East Asian revolutions
|
China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
|
|
|
Semiopen regime
|
revolutionary organizations unable to mobilize significant movements
|
|
|
Central reason for increasing prevalence of nonviolence or unarmed protest
|
general expansion of most states infrastructural power since WWII
|
|
|
Two keys to our nonrevolutionary times
|
globalization, and demise of Soviet Communism
|
