Dynamical Systems Theory Account Of Motor Learning`

Front 1

Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach

Back 1

1)assume the existence of a command centre in the brain that makes executive decisions regarding movement

a plan (program) is retrieved from memory and commands are sent to the motor system to implement the action

Front 2

Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach

Back 2

2)plan created by a command centre cannot account for all variations/adjustments in skilled movement and the memory would struggle

movements 'emerge'/self-organise from dynamical interaction of numerous variables in the body, the environment and the task

Front 3

Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach

Back 3

1)movement variability is regarded as negative, as it suggests an unstable schema

relies heavily on outcome measures

Front 4

Differences between 1)information processing approach and 2)dynamical systems approach

Back 4

2)variability is considered on many levels

--performance or endpoint variability is viewed negatively

--coordinative/joint variability is seen as positive, and often called functional variability

Front 5

Humans are Complex Systems

Back 5

-Comprise of many interacting biological systems (e.g. CV, musculo-skeletal, etc)

-Variable degrees of freedom (DoF)- independent elements of a system free to vary in different ways

-Non-linearity of behaviour because component parts act in any different ways (progression, regression, plateus)

-Stable and unstable patterned relationships (walking is stable but as soon as you hit ice it is unstable)

-Subsystem components limit or influence the behaviour of each other

Front 6

Self-organisation

Back 6

These system interactions enhance the intrinsic organisation of the system

Front 7

Coordination among parts

Back 7

-Numerical phase space- hypothetical total number of states a self organised system can settle onto

-Stable/functional patters of organisation- attractors

-E.g. runner legs coordinate into an antiphase pattern

-Order parameters- abstract variables that define or describe the overall behaviour of system, e.g. relative phase

-Control parameters- a variable that influences the stability and character of the order parameter, e.g. frequency

Front 8

Constraints

Back 8

-Actions, plans and memories are not stored in the CNS but self organise according to constraints

-Task, environment and individual help to solve DoF problems

-E.g. environment: won't run on ice.

-E.g. task: different sports have different rules that limit movement patterns produced

Front 9

DoF Problem

Back 9

Cortical keyboard: what's going on in brain

Spinal keyboard: movement comes to muscles via CNS

Motor unit-->alpha gamma linkage--> muscle--> joint action

This is loads of DoF

Front 10

Motor Equivalence

Back 10

Redundancy through many DoF (don't need to use them)

Front 11

Context-Conditioned Variability

Back 11

-Anatomical (role of a muscle is context dependent)

-Mechanical (command sent to muscles is ignorant against motion/nonmuscular forces)

-Physiological (spinal cord is not just a relay station)

Front 12

Berstein's DoF Problem

Back 12

-How does the brain control and organise the huge number of possible outcomes of action?

-Skilled movement it: process of mastering redundant DoF of the moving organ, in other words its conversion to a controllable system

Front 13

Route to Skilled Behaviour

Back 13

Front 14

Eliminating DoF

Back 14

Freezing DoF-Reduce range of movement about a joint

Coordinative structure- couple joints (what one done so does the other)

Front 15

Exploring DoF

Back 15

Releasing DoF

Reconfigure coordinative structures

Front 16

Coordinative structures (Turvey 1977)

Back 16

-a group of muscles spanning several joints that is constrained to act as a single functional unit

-Joining two points will reduce number of DoF

Front 17

Adam's closed looped theory of learning claims learning cannot occur without:

Back 17

memory

long term memory

knowledge of results

perceptual trace

Front 18

Transfer of learning that occurs between 2 limbs is called:

Back 18

symmetric transfer

asymmetric transfer

bilateral transfer

positive transfer

Front 19

4 pieces of info are available when making a movement (Schmidt):

Back 19

-Initial conditions, recall schema, recognition schema, response specification

-Sensory consequences, knowledge of results, response outcome, summary feedback

-Initial senses, sensory consequences, response outcome, recall schema

-Initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences, response outcome

Front 20

A coordinative structure:

Back 20

-Tuvey's definition

-group of muscles spanning several joints that is constrained to act as a single functional unit

-are rules that select parameter values for specific movement and initiate goal directed performance

-can only be identified using fMRI

Front 21

GMP comprises both a:

Back 21

Rate and force parameter

Front 22

Characteristics of retention tests

Front 23

Recall schema benefits from what type of practice

Back 23

Variable practice

Front 24

Characteristics of learning:

Back 24

-Dependent upon practice/experience

-A relatively permanent change in performance

Front 25

Absolute Error is defined as:

Back 25

The deviation between the criterion and the performance ignoring direction

Front 26

Benefit of previous experience on the learning of a new skill is called:

Front 27

Bilateral transfer is:

Back 27

The transfer of learning that occurs between two limbs