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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define 'pathology'
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study of structural and functional abnormalities expressed as diseases of organs and systems
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Etiological agent --> ______ --> functional consequences
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morphological changes
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What is pathogenesis?
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The mechanism of disease development, particularly over time.
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What are the morphological alterations caused by a cellular response to stress? (6)
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atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, intracellular storage
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Classic example of atrophy?
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Renal artery stenosis
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Atrophy is:
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decrease in cell size and function
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Hypertrophy:
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increase in cell size accompanied by augmented functional capacity
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Hyperplasia? Often concurrent w/ ?
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increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Hypertrophy |
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Metaplasia is:
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a conversion of one differentiated cell type to another
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Replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous is an example of what?
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metaplasia
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Is Metaplasia reversible?
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Usually if the stimulus is removed in time.
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What is Dysplasia? Often associated with what? Dysplasia Reversible?
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an alteration in size shape, and organization of cellular components of tissue.
squamous metaplasia Yes, in certain instances. |
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What is hemochromatosis?
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iron deposition in liver
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Irreversible cell injury --> ? Why?
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Death b/c exceeds cell's ability to adapt
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What is Necrosis?
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Structural manifestations of cell death in a living tissue or organism.
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Types of Necrosis (5)
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Coagulative, Liquefactive, Enzymic fat, Caseous, Fibrinoid
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What is a denaturation of proteins with preservation of cell outline and nuclear dissolution, charac of hypoxic cell death (excl brain).
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coag. necrosis
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What is cellular digestion into a liquid viscous mass, characteristic of focal bacterial or occasionally fungal infections
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liquefactive necrosis
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what is descriptive of focal areas of fat destruction, frequently associated with release of activated pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic tissues during acute pancreatitis?
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Fat necrosis
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a distinctive form of coagulative necrosis often associated with tuberculous infection and granulomatous inflammation.
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Caseous Necrosis
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an alteration of injured blood vessels with insudation and accumulation of plasma proteins causing the vessel wall to stain intensely with eosin.
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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Hyaline appearance of vessel walls is characteristic of what morphological type of necrosis?
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Fibrionoid necrosis
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Apoptosis is defined as:
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Programmed cell dead
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Histological features of apoptosis?
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shrinkage blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, cell fragmentation with formation of membrane-bound APOPTOTIC Bodies.
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How is apoptosis resolved? Involve inflammation?
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Phagocytic/macrophages... No, b/c it's a normal process.
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Acute inflammation is characterized by...
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increased blood flow & vessel permeability, edema, and effusion
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Edema is...
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accumulation of fluid w/i extravascular compt & interstitium
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Effusion is...
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excess fluid w/i body cavity
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What are the etiologies of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation? (3) What are the speeds of these effects? Which is the most common?
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cells contract in response to chem. inflamm. mediators (fast)
- endothelial contraction results in transient gaps b/t cells and increased permeability to plasma proteins **MOST COMMON** Direct injury to endothelial cells (hours to days) Leukocytes-dependent injury of endothelial cells (late response, long-lived) |
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Transudate is...
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... edema fluid w/ LOW protein count
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Exudate is...
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... edema fluid w/ HIGH protein count
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_____ vasoactive mediators are derived from interrelated major enzyme cascades composed of series of sequentially activated proteases.
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Plasma-derived
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C4a, C3a, C5a are vasoactive mediators called _______ that enhance ________?
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anaphylatoxins, vascular permeability
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what are cell-derived vasoactive mediators derived from? Examples?
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Arachidonic acid; prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
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What pathway does asprin block? Prevents formation of what?
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Cyclooxygenase Pathway; prostaglandins & thromboxanes
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______ is the reaction of living tissue and it's microcirculation to pathogenic insult.
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Inflammation
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Are acute and chronic inflammation mutually exclusive?
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No.
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_____ cells predominate in Acute inflammation.
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neutrophils (PMNs)
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______ cell types predominate in Chronic Inflammation
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mononuclear inflammatory cells, lymphocyte, plasma cell, & monocyte
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Foreign body intrusion is associated with which type of inflammation? Tissue necrosis? Immune-mediated hypersensitivity? Autoimmune disorders?
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Chronic, acute, acute,chronic
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What are the outcomes of inflammation? (4)
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Resolution, Abscess, Persistent inflammation, fibrosis
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Phagocytosis and intracellular killing is a major manifestation of which type of inflammation?
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Acute
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Inflammatory edema in affected tissues is associated w/ which type of inflammation?
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acute
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Vascular dilation, increased flow, and rapid vascular response with altered microvasculature is associated with which which type of inflammation?
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Acute
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PMN margination, adhesion, emigration & chemotaxis are associated with which inflammation?
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Acute
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Put the following in one category above: Histamine, Chemokines, Formylated peptides, Anaphylatoxins, C5a, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Histamine, NO, Platet activating factor, Leukotrienes/Prostaglandins, Lipoxygenase products (LTB4)
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see the picture, 'foo
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What is the difference between fibrous and fibrinous?
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fibrous implied collagen involvement; fibrinous involves fibrin - a clotting factor that shows up in exudate along with PMNs --> fibropurulent exudate
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What is Hageman factor? It is plasma derived or cell-derived? What general things does it do/begin once activated? (4)
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f.XII re: clotting
Plasma derived. (1) Fibrinolysis (2) complement/anaphylatoxin (3) kinin generation (4) co-ag system |
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Place the following into either the "plasma-derived" category, or the "cell-derived" category:
Endothelium (NO, Platelet activating factors, prostaglandins) Inflammatory cells platelets complement system activation (C3a, C5a) mast cell/basophil degranulation hageman factor actv. |
only plasma are f.XII and Complement cascade (C3a, C5a)
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What is opsonization? What are opsonins?
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the coating of pathogen w/ molecule that enhances phagocytosis, in this case by leukocytes.
C3b molecules |
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What is the mediator for the classical pathway of the complement sys? lectin binding pathway? Alternative pathway?
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C1q
Mannose binding protein (MBP) C3 |
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What is the most important role of platelet activating factor?
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stimulates synthesis of arachidonic acid derivatives.
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Initial neutrophil recruitment is dependent on the chemotaxins ___ and ____.
Prolonged recruitment dependent on... |
C5a and LTB4
Chemotactic cytokines. |