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144 Cards in this Set
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Personality functioning areas? |
Identity Self-Direction |
I go feel with you
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What are the 5 pathological personality trait domains? And their opposite? |
1. Negative Affectivity vs. Emotional Stability. 2. Detachment vs. Extraversion. 3. Antagonism Vs. Agreeableness. 4. Disinhibition Vs. Conscientiousness. 5. Psychoticism Vs. Lucidity |
Feel bad, detached, angry, out-of-control, and psychotic |
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Describe Negative Affectivity (NA) personality trait |
Vs. emotional stability. Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g. anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worries, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations NA is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. NA subsumes a variety of negative emotions, including anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness. |
Aversive emotions and acting on them
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Describe Detachment personality trait. What is the opposite and what is the experience? |
Vs. extraversion Detachment is characterized by avoidance of socio-emotional experience, including both withdrawal from interpersonal interactions, ranging from casual, daily interactions to friendships to intimate relationships, as well as restricted affective experience and expression, particularly limited hedonic capacity. |
What do they avoid, restrict, and limit? |
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Describe antagonism personality trait domain
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Vs. agreeableness
behaviors that put the individual at odds with other people, including an exaggerated sense of self-importance and of concomitant expectation of special treatment, as well as a callus antipathy towards others, encompassing both unawareness of others needs and feelings, and readiness to use others in the service of self enhancement. |
Conflict = metaphor.
What do they exaggerate? What do they expect? Attitude (rough) = Unawareness? How use others? |
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Describe disinhibition personality trait domain. |
Vs. conscientiousness orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past learning or consideration of future consequences. |
Immediate? |
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Describe Psychoticism personality trait domain |
Vs. lucidity. Exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions. Including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs). |
Culturally? |
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Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders |
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Four parts in five traits than 2 by 2 by 1 |
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Step One: Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders |
Assess impairment in personality functioning.
Self: identity, self-direction. Interpersonal: empathy, intimacy |
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Step Two: Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
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1. Assess Pathological Personality Traits
2. Negative Affectivity. 3. Detachment. 4. Antagonism. 5. Disinhibition. 6. Psychoticism. |
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Step 3 a: Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
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Apply Criteria A & B for Specific Personality Disorders
1. Antisocial. 2. Avoidant. 3. Borderline. 4. Narcissistic. 5. Obsessive compulsive. 6. Schizotypal |
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Step 3B: Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
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Apply Criteria A and B for Personality Disorder Trait Specified
Moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning. One or more pathological personality traits (domains or facets). |
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Step 4: Describe the stepwise approach to assessment according to the general criteria of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders
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Apply Other Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: inflexibility and pervasiveness; stability and early onset; other mental disorder, substance, and mental exclusions; age and cultural exclusions
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Level of Personality Functioning Scale Self: Identity
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Identity: Experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others; |
Experience of oneself?
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Level of Personality Functioning Scale 0- little or no impairment |
Self-direction: |
1. Pursuit of coherent… Looking in the mirror where, wearing standard construction clothes |
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Level of Personality Functioning Scale |
Empathy: |
1. What (2) of others (2)?
2. Attitude towards others opinions? 3. Domino effect |
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Level of Personality Functioning Scale |
Intimacy: 2. Desire and capacity for closeness; 3. Mutuality of regard reflected in interpersonal behavior. |
1. Measure.
2. Inclination. 3. Manifestation of respect. |
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What are 9 examples of Negative Affectivity (vs. emotional stability)?
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1. Emotional lability |
Unstable.
Uneasy. Needy. Suck up. Bitter. Sticky. Downer. Paranoid. Limited & Dull. |
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What are 6 examples of
detachment (vs. extraversion)? |
1. Withdrawal |
Distant.
Cold fish. No fun. Downer. Dull. Cynical. |
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What are 6 examples of |
1. Manipulativeness |
How do they interact? |
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What are 5 examples of disinhibition (vs. conscientiousness)?
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1. Irresponsibility |
1. How do they do their job?
2. How do they handle time? 3. What response to structure? 4. How careful are they? 5. Can they follow rules? |
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What are 3 examples of psychocity (vs. lucidity)? |
1. Unusual beliefs and experiences. 2. Eccentricity. |
1. What is their reality? 2. What sort of person are they? 3. What happens in their heads? |
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Elements of Personality Functioning |
Self: 1. Identity: Experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others; stability of self-esteem and accuracy of self-appraisal; capacity for, and ability to regulate a full range of emotional experience. 2. Self-direction: Pursuit of coherent and meaningful short-term and life goals; utilization of constructive and prosocial internal standards of behavior; ability to self-reflect productively. Interpersonal: 1. Empathy: Comprehension and appreciation of others’ experiences and motivations; tolerance of differing perspectives; understanding the effects of own behavior on others. 2. Intimacy: Depth and duration of connection with others; desire and capacity for closeness; mutuality of regard reflected in interpersonal behavior. |
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Moderate level of impairment
Self: Identity |
Depends excessively on others for identity definition, with compromised boundary delineation. Has vulnerable self-esteem controlled by exaggerated concern about external evaluation, with a wish for approval. Has sense of incompleteness or inferiority, with compensatory inflated, or deflated, self-appraisal. Emotional regulation depends on positive external appraisal. Threats to self-esteem may engender strong emotions such as rage or shame. |
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What are the typical features of antisocial personality disorder?
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Typical features of antisocial personality disorder are a failure to conform to lawful and ethical behavior, and an egocentric, callous lack of concern for others, accompanied by deceitfulness, irresponsibility, manipulativeness, and/or risk taking. |
1. What sort of behavior?
2. How they concern for others? 3. Four ways you can't trust them |
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What are the typical features of avoidant personality disorder?
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Typical features ...are avoidance of social situations and inhibition in interpersonal relationships related to feelings of ineptitude and inadequacy, anxious preoccupation with negative evaluation and rejection, and fears of ridicule or embarrassment. |
1. What is their people problem?
2. What do they expect from others? 3. What do they fear? |
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What are the typical features of borderline personality disorder?
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Typical features ...are instability of self-image, personal goals, interpersonal relationships, and affects, accompanied by impulsivity, risk taking, and/or hostility. |
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What are the typical features of narcissistic personality disorder?
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Typical features...are variable and vulnerable self-esteem, with attempts at regulation through attention and approval seeking, and either overt or covert grandiosity. |
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What are the typical features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
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Typical features ... are difficulties in establishing and sustaining close relationships, associated with rigid perfectionism, inflexibility, and restricted emotional expression.
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What are the typical features of schizotypal personality disorder?
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Typical features ...are impairments in the capacity for social & close relationships, and eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior that are associated with distorted self-image and incoherent personal goals and accompanied by suspiciousness and restricted emotional expression. |
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Depressivity |
Feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; difficulty recovering from such moods; pessimism about the future; pervasive shame and/or guilt; feelings of inferior self-worth; thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior.
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What is the characteristic identity of avoidant personality disorder?
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Identity of avoidant personality disorder: low self-esteem associated with self appraisal as socially inept,
personally unappealing, or inferior; excessive feelings of shame. |
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Avoidant personality disorder self-direction characteristics
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Unrealistic standards for behavior associated with reluctance to pursue goals, take personal risks, or engage in new activities involving interpersonal contact.
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Avoidant personality disorder empathy typical features |
Preoccupation with, and sensitivity to, criticism or rejection, associated with distorted inference of others perspectives as negative. |
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Avoidant Personality Disorder Intimacy typical features |
Reluctance to get involved with people unless being certain of being liked; diminished mutuality within intimate relationships because of fear of being shamed or ridiculed.
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Criteria B Avoidant Personality Disorder: which trait must be present and what are the other three traits? |
Anxiousness (an aspect of negative affectivity must be present) intense feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic, often in reaction to social situations; worry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibilities; feeling fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainties; fears of embarrassment. Withdrawal, Anhedonia, Intimacy Avoidance are all aspects of detachment. Withdrawal is reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activities; lack of initiation of social contact. Anhedonia is lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life's experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take interest in things. Intimacy avoidance is avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships. |
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What are the possible specifiers for avoidant personality disorder? |
Other negative affectivity traits e.g. depressivity, separation insecurity, submissiveness, suspiciousness, hostility should be specified when appropriate |
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Borderline Personality Disorder Identity Features |
Identity is char. by markedly impoverished, poorly developed, or unstable self-image, often assoc with excessive self-criticism; chronic feelings of emptiness, dissociative states under stress.
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Borderline personality disorder self-direction feature
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BPD self-direction features include instability in goals, aspirations, values, or career plans
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BPD empathy features
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BPD empathy features include compromised ability to recognize the feelings and needs of others associated with interpersonal hypersensitivity (i.e. prone to feeling slighted or insulted); perception of others selectively biased towards negative attributes or vulnerabilities.
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BPD intimacy features
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BPD intimacy features include intense, unstable, and conflicted close relationships, marked by mistrust, neediness, and anxious preoccupation with real or imagined abandonment; close relationships often viewed in extremes of idealization and devaluation and alternating between overinvolvement and withdrawal.
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What are the seven pathological personality traits of BPD? |
Emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, and depressivity are all aspects of negative affectivity. Impulsivity and risk-taking are examples of disinhibition. |
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What are the four aspects of negative affectivity and borderline personality disorder
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Emotional lability. |
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What is BPD emotional lability?
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Emotional lability is an aspect of negative affectivity: unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances.
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Describe the separation insecurity pathological personality trait of BPD
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Intense feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic, often in reaction to interpersonal stresses; worry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibility; feeling fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainty; fears of falling apart or losing control are examples of anxiousness and aspect of negative affectivity
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Describe separation insecurity as a pathological
personality trait in BPD |
Separation insecurity is characterized by fears of rejection by and or separation from significant others, associated with fears of excessive dependency and complete loss of autonomy.
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Describe depressivity as a feature of the pathological personality trait of BPD
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Frequent feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; difficulty recovering from such mood; pessimism about the future; pervasive shame; feelings of inferior self-worth; thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior are examples of depressivity and aspect of negative affectivity
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Describe impulsivity as a pathological personality trait of BPD
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Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcome; difficulty establishing or following a plan; a sense of urgency and self harming behavior under emotional distress are all examples of impulsivity and aspect of disinhibition
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Describe risk-taking as a pathological personality trait of BPD |
Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard to consequences; lack of concern for one's limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger are all examples of risk-taking and aspect of disinhibition
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Describe hostility as a pathological personality trait of BPD
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Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults are examples of hostility and aspect of antagonism
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What is the nature of Plasticity?
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Plasticity = tendency to be flexible, exploratory, curious, and quick to adapt
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What are the sub- traits of plasticity? |
Extraversion (the tendency to be enthusiastic and dominant)
Openness (the tendency to be open-minded and intelligent). |
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What are the qualities of Extraversion? |
Extraversion (Outgoing v Reserved) Opposite of detached |
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What are the qualities of Openness? |
Openness (Original vs Traditional)
Fantasy-prone Aesthetically-minded Philosophical Creative Intuitive Intellectual |
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What is the nature of Stability? |
Stability = tendency to be structured, organized, emotionally stable and focused. |
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What are the sub- traits of Stability? |
Stability, the 2nd higher-order trait has 3 sub-traits: Conscientiousness (the tendency to be orderly & industrious), Emotional Stability (lack of negative emotional volatility and the tendency to withdraw), and Agreeableness (politeness and compassion, as opposed to belligerence or aggression). |
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What are the qualities of Conscientiousness? |
Conscientiousness vs Carefree Competent Orderly Decisive Achievement-oriented Self-disciplined Deliberate Industrious |
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Emotional Stability |
Lack of negative emotional volatility and the tendency to withdraw) Anxious (reversed) Angry (reversed) Hostile (reversed) Depressed (reversed) Self-Conscious (reversed) Vulnerable (reversed) |
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Agreeableness |
Politeness & compassion, as opposed to belligerence & aggression. Warm and trusting. Straightforward and modest. Altruistic and tender minded. Compliant and nice. |
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How does personality change as people age? |
As people age, they tend to become more agreeable, conscientious and emotionally stable. Changing personality means changing habits of action, presumption and perception. Personality change requires the formulation of clear future goals, as well as discipline and practice. |
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Self-direction: Goals |
Sets and aspires to reasonable goals based on realistic assessment of personal capacities. Goals are more often a means of gaining external approval than self generated, and thus may lack coherence and/or stability. |
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Self-direction: Standards of Behavior |
Utilizes appropriate standards of behavior, attaining fulfillment in multiple realms. Personal standards may be unreasonably high (e.g. a need to be special or please others) or low (e.g. not consonant with prevailing social values). Fulfillment is compromised by a sense of lack of authenticity. |
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Self-direction: Internal Experience.
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Can reflect on, and make constructive meaning of, internal experience. Has impaired capacity to reflect on internal experience. |
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Identity: Boundaries |
Has ongoing awareness of unique self; maintains role appropriate boundaries. Has relatively intact sense of self, with some decreasing clarity of boundaries when strong emotions and mental distress are experienced. Depends excessively on others for identity definition, with compromised boundary delineation. Has a weak sense of autonomy/agency; experience of a lack of identity, or emptiness. Boundary definition is poor or rigid; may show over identification with others, overemphasis on independence from others, or vacillation between these. Experience of the unique self and sense of agency/autonomy are virtually absent, or are organized around perceived external persecution. Boundaries with others are confused or lacking. |
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Identity: Range of Emotions
From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
Is capable of experiencing, tolerating, and regulating a full range of emotions.
Strong emotions may be distressing, associated with a restriction in range of emotional experience. |
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What characterizes severe impairment of Identity?
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Week sense of a/a: emptiness. Lacking self-efficacy.
Poor or rigid boundaries.
Over identification with others and/or over emphasis on independence from others.
Fragile self-esteem. Incoherent self-image.
Self-appraisal is un-nuanced.
Rapidly shifting emotions or chronic feelings of despair.
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Identity: Self-Esteem
From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
1. Has consistent and self-regulated positive self-esteem, with accurate self appraisal. 2. Self-esteem diminished at times, with overly critical or somewhat distorted self-appraisal. 3. Has vulnerable self-esteem controlled by exaggerated concern about external evaluation, with a wish for approval. Has sense of incompleteness or inferiority, with compensatory inflated, or deflated, self-appraisal. 4. Fragile self-esteem is easily influenced by events, and self-image lacks coherence. Self-appraisal is un-nuanced: self-loathing, self-aggrandizing, or an illogical, unrealistic combination. 5. Has weak or distorted self image easily threatened by interactions with others; significant distortions and confusion around self-appraisal. |
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What are the three parts of understanding empathy?
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1. understanding others experiences,
2. comprehending and appreciating others' perspectives, even if disagreeing, and 3. awareness of the effect of one's own actions on others. |
Experience - understanding others coMpreheding & appreciating others' Perspectives Awareness of the effect of one's actions on others |
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Empathy: Understanding Others Experiences From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
1. Is capable of accurately understanding others experiences and motivations in most situations.
2. Is somewhat compromised inability to appreciate and understand others experiences; may tend to see others as having unreasonable expectations or wish for control. 3. Is hyperattuned to the experience of others but only with respect to perceived relevance to self. 4. Ability to consider and understand the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of other people is significantly limited; may discern very specific aspects of others experience, particularly vulnerabilities and suffering. 5. Has pronounced inability to consider and understand others experience and motivation. |
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Empathy: awareness of the effect of own actions on others.
From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
Is aware of the effect of own actions on others.
Is generally unaware of or unconcerned about the effect of own behavior on others, or unrealistic appraisal of own effect. |
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What are the three aspects of intimacy?
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1. Maintaining relationships,
2. desiring and engaging in reciprocal relationships, and 3. strives for cooperation and flexibly responds. |
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Intimacy: maintaining relationships.
From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
Maintains multiple satisfying and enduring relationships in personal and community life.
Is capable of forming and desires to form relationships in personal and community life, the connections may be largely superficial. Desire for affiliation is limited because of profoundest interest or expectation of harm. Engagement with others is detached, disorganized, or consistently negative. |
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Intimacy: Reciprocal Relationships.
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Desires and engages in a number of caring, close, and reciprocal relationships. intimate relationships are predominantly based on meeting self-regulatory and self-esteem needs, with an unrealistic expectation of being perfectly understood by others.
Relationships are conceptualized almost exclusively in terms of their ability to provide comfort or inflict pain and suffering. |
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Intimacy: Cooperation and Mutual Benefit
From No Impairment to Extreme Impairment |
Strives for cooperation and mutual benefit and flexibly response to a range of others ideas, emotions, and behaviors.
Cooperation may be inhibited by unrealistic standards; somewhat limited in ability to respect or respond to others' ideas, emotions, and behaviors. |
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What is emotional stability? |
Emotional stability refers to one's proneness to negative emotions and anxiety. More resilient persons (high on emotional stability) are less prone to experiencing negative reactions. More reactive persons (low on emotional stability) are more prone to experiencing negative reactions. |
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What is extraversion? |
Extraversion refers to the number of relationships with which one is comfortable. High E is characterized by a larger number of relationships and a larger proportion of one's time is spent in enjoying them. Low E is characterized by smaller number of relationships and a smaller proportion of one's time spent in pursuing those relationships. |
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What is openness to experience? |
Openness refers to the number of interest to which one is attracted and the depth to which those interests are pursued. High openness refers to a person with relatively more interest and, consequently, relatively less depth within each interest, while low openness refers to a person with relatively few interest and relatively more depth in each of those interests. |
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What is agreeableness? |
Agreeableness refers to one’s general interpersonal orientation. High agreeableness describes a person who reacts to others with warmth and will bend to avoid conflict. Low agreeableness describes one who, in the extreme, only follows one’s inner voice regardless of hurting others. |
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What is conscientiousness? |
Conscientiousness refers to goal-directed behavior. High conscientiousness refers to a person who focuses intensely on his/her goals and exhibits the self-discipline associated with such focus. Low conscientiousness refers to one who is disorganized and distracted. |
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What is extraversion? |
Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities, surgency from external activities/situations, and energy creation from external means. Extroverts enjoy interacting with people and are often perceived as full of energy; enthusiastic, action-oriented, like to talk, and assert themselves. |
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What is agreeableness? |
Agreeableness = general concern for social harmony. Considerate. Kind. Generous. Trusting and trustworthy. Helpful. Willing to compromise their interest with others. An optimistic view of human nature. |
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Define the self in terms of typical functioning |
1. Identity integration.
2. Integrity of self-concept. 3. Self-directedness |
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Define identity integration as a domain of self. |
Regulation of self-states; coherence of sense of time and personal history; ability to experience a unique self and to identify clear boundaries between self and others; capacity for self-reflection. |
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Define integrity of self-concept as a domain of the self |
Regulation of self-esteem and self-respect; sense of autonomous agency; accuracy of self-appraisal; quality of self-representation (e.g., degrees of complexity, differentiation, and integration). |
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Define self-directedness as a domain of the self. |
Establishment of internal standards for one’s behavior; coherence and meaningfulness of both short-term and life goals. |
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Define empathy – interpersonal domain. What is the model? What do they have the capacity to appreciate?What does the empathic person understand? What do they have the capacity to appreciate?What does the empathic person understand? What does the empathic person understand? |
Ability to mentalize (create an accurate model of another’s thoughts and emotions); capacity for appreciating others’ experiences; attention to range of others’ perspectives; understanding of social causality. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Identity. What is the self image? As a result what chronic feeling are they stuck with? What happens when they are stressed? |
Markedly impoverished, poorly developed, or unstable self-image, often associated with excessive self-criticism; chronic feelings of emptiness; dissociative states under stress |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Self-Direction |
Instability of goals, aspirations, values, or career plans. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Empathy |
Compromised ability to recognize the feelings and needs of others associated with interpersonal hypersensitivity (i.e., prone to feel slighted or insulted); perceptions of others selectively biased towards negative attributes or vulnerabilities. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Intimacy |
Intense, unstable, and conflicted close relationships, marked by mistrust, neediness, and anxious preoccupation with real or imagined abandonment; close relationships often viewed in extremes of idealization or devaluation and alternating between overinvolvement and withdrawal. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Emotional Lability |
Unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. An aspect of negative affectivity |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Anxiousness. What in particular is a trigger for their anxiousness? What in particular do they worry about? What do they think will happen to them because of their anxious feelings? |
Intense feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic, often in reaction to interpersonal stresses; worry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibilities; feeling fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainty; fears of falling apart or losing control. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Separation Insecurity. What do they fear in terms of relation to another person? How is this emotion expressed in a polarized way? |
Fears of rejection by – and/or separation from – significant others, associated with fears of excessive dependency and complete loss of autonomy. |
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Borderline personality disorder: Depressivity. How do they frequently feel? What is the pervasive emotion? How do they attempt to solve their feeling of depressivity? |
Frequent feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; difficulty recovering from such moods; pessimism about the future; pervasive shame; feelings of inferior self-worth; thoughts of suicide and suicidal behavior. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Impulsivity What is the feeling, basis of acting, sense of time, and under what sort of emotional state? |
Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing or following plan; a sense of urgency and self harming behavior under emotional distress. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Risk-Taking |
Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities; unnecessarily and without regard to consequences; lack of concern for one's limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger. |
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Borderline Personality Disorder: Hostility |
Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or inability in response to minor slights and insults. |
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What are the five higher-order dimensions of the 25 primary traits |
25 primary traits are organized by 5 higher order dimensions:Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism |
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What is low negative affectivity? |
Low negative affectivity is characterized by frequent states of calmness and serenity, along with states of confidence, activeness, and great enthusiasm |
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Lucidity: synonyms and words related |
Clarity, explicitness, lucidness, perspicuity, simplicity. Words related to lucidity incisiveness, directedness, forthrightness, openness, straightforwardness. |
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Define an optimal a functioning person |
An optimally functioning person has a complex, fully elaborated, and well-integrated psychological world that includes a mostly positive, volitional, and effective self-concept; a rich, broad, and appropriately regulated emotional life; and the capacity to behave as a well-related, productive member of a society. |
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Define a individual with a severe personality pathology? |
An individual with a severe personality pathology has an impoverished, disorganized, and/or conflicted psychological world that includes a weak, unclear, and maladaptive self-concept; a propensity to negative, dysregulated emotions; and a deficient capacity for adaptive interpersonal functioning and social behavior. |
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Preliminary questions about view of self and quality of interpersonal relationships. The purpose of this interview is to explore different ways in which you see yourself, your basic approach to life, and how you interact with other people. Let's start with some general questions about how you are as a person |
1. How would you describe yourself as a person? 2. How do you think other people describe you? 3. How do you generally feel about yourself? 4. How successful would you say you are at getting the things you want in life? Like having a satisfying relationship, a fulfilling career, close friends? 5. What are your relationships with other people like? 6. Who are the most important people in your life? How do you get along with them? 7. How well do you think you understand yourself? 8. How well do you understand other people? |
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Identity domain. Sense of self subdomain. Screener questions |
Do you sometimes have the experience of not really knowing who you are or how you are unique in the world? Tell me about that. Can you say a bit more? Do you sometimes find yourself wishing you were someone else? Tell me about that. |
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Identity domain. Sense of self subdomain. 0 = little or no impairment |
has ongoing awareness of a unique self; maintains role appropriate boundaries. Do you almost always feel like you are your own person? Do you generally feel that where you are in your life makes sense to you? |
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Identity domain. Sense of self subdomain. 1 = some impairment |
Has relatively intact sense of self, with some decrease in clarity of boundaries when strong emotions and mental distress are experienced. Are you usually aware of who you are and what your perspective is? If yes: when you are upset, are you less aware? Give me some examples |
Do they lose a sense of clarity about something? What happens to their awareness and their big picture? |
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Identity domain. Sense of self subdomain. 2 = moderate impairment |
Depends excessively on others for identity definition, with compromised boundary delineation.
Do you depend on other people's opinions in order to know who you really are? Clarifying: Do you look to what others think to know where you stand?
Is it hard for you to know who you are without knowing what other people think of you?
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What do they need to know to know who they are? |
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Identity domain. Sense of self subdomain. 3 = severe impairment |
Has a weak sense of autonomy/agency; experience of a lack of identity, or emptiness. Do you tend to feel empty much of the time? Boundary definition is poor or rigid; may show over identification with others. Do you sometimes completely lose your sense of who you are when interacting with others? Do you often take on the emotions and ideas of people you identify with? When you are in an intense relationship with someone, do you often feel like you can't tell the difference between your feelings and the other persons or that you can't tell the difference between how you feel and how the other person feels? Overemphasis on independence from others, or vacillation between these. Do you sometimes have the feeling that you need to retreat from others to be your own person? Do you find yourself needing to assert her independence in order to keep from feeling "swallowed up"? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. Screener question |
What kinds of situations or people have the potential to affect how you feel about yourself? Tell me about that. How does that make you feel about yourself? How does that reflect on you somehow? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. 0 = little or no impairment |
Has consistent and self regulated positive self-esteem, with accurate self appraisal. Would you say you feel pretty good about yourself most of the time? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. 1 = Some Impairment |
self-esteem diminished at times, with overly critical or somewhat distorted Self-appraisal. Do you think you are excessively hard on yourself at times? Does that mean you are hard on yourself? What's that like? Do you set goals or have expectations that end up making you feel like you don't measure up? |
What kind of things do you do to hurt your self-esteem? How do your expectations affect your self-esteem? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. 2 = moderate impairment |
Has vulnerable self-esteem controlled by exaggerated concern about external evaluation, with a wish for approval. Does how you feel about yourself depend almost entirely on what others think of you? Do you feel bad about yourself if you don't get approval from others? Has sense of incompleteness or inferiority, with Compensatory inflated, or deflated, self-appraisal. Do you typically feel inferior to everyone else? Do you think you're better, smarter, or more attractive than almost anyone else? Do you think others often fail to understand your special qualities? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. 3 = Severe impairment |
Emotions may be rapidly shifting. Are you usually very moody and have lots of ups and downs with her emotions? Or a chronic, unwavering feeling of despair. Do you almost always feel really depressed, hopeless, or in despair? |
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Identity domain. Self-esteem subdomain. 4 = Extreme impairment |
Emotions not congruent with context or internal experience. Do you tend to have few or no feelings about situations that affect you, either good or bad? Hatred and aggression may be dominant affects, although they may be disavowed and attributed to others. Do you usually feel angry, irritated, and hateful towards everyone around you? Does it seem like other people are always angry or hateful toward you? Can you describe situations in which that happens? |
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Self-direction domain. Ability to pursue meaningful goals subdomain. Screener questions |
Are you clear on what you want to accomplish for yourself in life? Tell me about that. Any goals in your personal life? What does that look like? Do you know how to get ahead? |
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Self-direction domain. Ability to pursue meaningful goals subdomain. 0 = Little or no impairment |
Sets and aspires to reasonable goals based on a realistic assessment of personal capabilities.
Do you have clear goals for the future? Do you generally feel like you have a good idea of what you need to do to move forward? Do you think you have what it takes to meet your goals in life? |
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Self-direction domain. Ability to pursue meaningful goals subdomain. 1 = Some impairment |
Is excessively goal-directed:
Is achieving your goals the most important thing to you? Do you typically devote most of your energy towards achieving your life goals rather than living in the present? Somewhat goal inhibited: Does needing to get things just right make it hard to set or achieve goals for yourself? Or conflicted about goals: Is it hard to decide on your goals for which should be top priority? |
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Self-direction domain.Ability to pursue meaningful goals subdomain. 2 = Moderate impairment |
Personal standards may be unreasonably high (e.g., a need to be special or please others) or low (e.g., not consonant with prevailing social values). Fulfillment is compromised by a sense of lack of authenticity.
Is it top priority for you to do things to please others or demonstrate that your special? How about demonstrating her special? Is it important to you to create just the right impression to please others, or to get what you want? Are your values and ideals usually superior to most other people's? What about your values and ideals? Do you think people should just get out of your way and let you do what you what? Are you willing to ignore the rules to get what you want? Can you give me an example? |
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Self-direction domain.Ability to pursue meaningful goals subdomain. 3 = severe impairment |
Internal standards for behavior are unclear or contradictory.
Do you have a hard time trying to figure out whose values you should try to live by? Do you sometimes see clearly what your values are and how you want to behave, only to become quickly confused again? Do you feel like you are constantly failing yourself and others and there is no point in trying to do the right thing? His life just too hard to know what is right and wrong? Life is experienced as meaningless or dangerous. Do you generally feel that life is meaningless or dangerous |
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Self-direction domain.
Self-reflective functioning subdomain.
Screener questions |
How well do you know how your mind works – that is, how you think about things? Can you elaborate? If you are conflicted about something or confused or upset, can you figure out where that's coming from?
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How do you think and how do you think when you become emotional or overwhelmed? |
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Self-direction domain. Self-reflective functioning subdomain. 0 = Little or no impairment |
Can reflect on, and make constructive meaning of, internal experience. Is it fairly easy for you to understand what is going on in your head? Can you usually make constructive use of your thoughts and feelings? |
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Self-direction domain.
Self-reflective functioning subdomain.
1 = Some impairment |
Is able to reflect on internal experiences, but may overemphasize a single (e.g., intellectual, emotional) type of self-knowledge.
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Self-direction domain.
Self-reflective functioning subdomain. 2 = Moderate impairment |
Has impaired capacity to reflect on internal experience. Is it often a challenge for you to figure out your mind, or what your perspective is on things? Follow-up: It sounds like you prefer to react to things and not spend time puzzling them through? Do you need other people to give you input to be able to figure out what you're thinking and feeling? Follow-up: What if you don't have that kind of information? Do you often find that you don't know what you think or feel about something and less you pass it off somebody else? Follow-up: But do you need to know what others think and feel to figure out what you think and feel? |
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Self-direction domain. Self-reflection functioning subdomain. 3 = Severe impairment |
Has significantly compromised ability to reflect on and understand on mental processes. Are you often pretty baffled about what makes you behave the way you do? What if you misread things? Do you get confused when you try to figure out your own perspective or motivations? So you feel like you easily can understand your thought processes? Do you often do things and act in certain ways without any idea why? Do your emotions take over so you often can't even think straight? |
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Self-direction domain. Self-reflection functioning domain. 4 = Extreme impairment |
Is profoundly unable to constructively reflect on own experience. Are you generally at a complete loss as to what you're thinking or feeling?
Personal motivations may be unrecognized and/or experienced as external to self. Do you find that you are always on guard, reacting to what the world is throwing at you? Can you say more?
Is it hard to think straight much of the time because everything is so uncertain and you have to worry about others harming or taking advantage of you? |
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Empathy Domain.
Comprehension and Appreciation of Others Experiences and Motivations Subdomain.
Screener Questions |
Is it easy for you to understand where other people are coming from? Can you imagine that some people might be different from that?
How important is it to you to know what other people's concerns and experiences are? What about outside of work? Do you spend time learning about what is going on with your partner or your daughter, for instance? What is that like? In your partner?
Do you usually know what makes other people tick and why they do the things they do?
Have you found it easy to understand your partner in romantic relationships?
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Empathy Domain. Comprehension and Appreciation of Others Experiences and Motivations Subdomain. 0 = Little or no impairment |
Is capable of accurately understanding others experiences and motivations in most situations. Are you generally able to put yourself in other people's shoes? |
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Typical features of narcissistic personality disorder |
Variable and vulnerable self-esteem, with attempts at regulation through attention- and approval-seeking, and either overt or covert grandiosity. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder: Self-direction domain |
Self-direction: Goal-setting is based on gaining approval from others; personal standards are unreasonably high in order to see oneself asexceptional, or too low based on a sense of entitlement; often unaware of own motivations. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder Empathy domain |
Empathy: Impaired ability to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others; excessively attuned to reactions of others, but only if perceived as relevant to self; over- or underestimate of own effect on others. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder Intimacy domain |
Intimacy: Relationships largely superficial and exist to serve self-esteem regulation; mutuality constrained by little genuine interest in others’experiences and predominance of a need for personal gain. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder pathological personality traits which must be present? |
Grandiosity (an aspect of Antagonism): Feelings of entitlement, either overt or covert; self-centeredness; firmly holding to the belief that one is better than others; condescending toward others.
2. Attention seeking (an aspect of Antagonism): Excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of the attention of others; admiration seeking. |
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Narcissistic personality disorder Identity domain |
Identity: excessive reference to others for self-definition and self-esteem regulation; exaggerated self-appraisal may be inflated or deflated, or vacillate between extremes; emotional regulation mirrors fluctuation in self-esteem. |
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Empathy Domain. Comprehension and Appreciation of Others Experiences and Motivations Subdomain. 1 = some impairment |
Is somewhat compromised in ability to appreciate and understand others experiences. Are you surprised that some people have such different opinions from yours? Do you often find it hard to appreciate how others feel about things and about you?
May tend to see others as having unreasonable expect Haitians or a wish for control. Do you tend to feel that people expect too much from you? |
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Empathy Domain. Comprehension and Appreciation of Others Experiences and Motivations Subdomain. 2 = Moderate impairment |
Is hyper attenuated to the experience of others but only with respect to perceived relevance to self. Are you interested in what other people say or do mostly so you can take care of yourself and your own interests? What about with colleagues and important people in your life? Do you go out of your way to understand others so you can stay in their good graces? What about going out of your way to know the proper thing to do? Do you need to know what is going on with them this to make sure they are not thinking badly of you? |
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Empathy domain.. Comprehension and an appreciation of others experiences and motivation subdomain. 3 = severe impairment |
Ability to consider and understand the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of other people is significantly limited. Is it hard for you to understand why people do things that hurt or upset you? Do you often find other people to be really confusing, unreliable, manipulative, or deceitful?
May discern very specific aspects of others experience, particularly vulnerabilities and suffering. Are there certain people that you can see right through, that is, you immediately sense what is going on with them? How about picking up on other people's emotions? Do you easily pick up on other people's pain? |
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Empathy Domain. Comprehension and Appreciation of Others Experiences and Motivations Subdomain. 4 = extreme impairment |
Has pronounced inability to consider and understand others experience and motivation. Do you find other people's motivations to be completely mystifying to you? In most other people seem to do things without rhyme or reason? Is it just really hard to know what people will come at you with? |
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NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY |
Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range ofnegative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/ shame, worry,anger) and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g.,dependency) manifestations. |
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Emotional lability |
Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that areeasily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances. |
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Anxiousness |
Feelings of nervousness, tenseness, or panic in reaction to diverse situations;frequent worry about the negative effects of past unpleasantexperiences and future negative possibilities; feeling fearful andapprehensive about uncertainty; expecting the worst to happen. |
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Separation Insecurity |
Fears of being alone due to rejection by—and/or separation from—significant others, based in a lack of confidence in one's ability tocare for oneself, both physically and emotionally. |
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Submissiveness |
Adaptation of one's behavior to the actual or perceived interests anddesires of others even when doing so is antithetical to one's owninterests, needs, or desires. |
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Hostility |
Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in responseto minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behavior. Seealso Antagonism. |
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Perseveration |
Persistence at tasks or in a particular way of doing things long after thebehavior has ceased to be functional or effective; continuance of thesame behavior despite repeated failures or clear reasons for stopping. |
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