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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
excitotoxicity
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-too much action potential
-causes neuron death -often caused by glutamate release after traumatic injuries |
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Post Synaptic Potentials
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change in charge across a membrane when a neurotransmitter is recieved
they are graded |
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Sympathetic Neurotransmitter
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norepinephrine
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Parasympathetic Neurotransmitter
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acetylcholine
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Sympathomimetics
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drugs that are agonists and mimic norepinephrine, activating sympathetic drive.
they reduce para - so can cause dry mouth |
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Arachnoid Mater
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weblike, soft, spongy, and filled with CSF
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Pia Mater
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lowest level of protection
adheres to CNS surface |
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Internuerons
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most of the neurons in CNS
Ex: cerebellar purkinje cells that adjust to fine motor movements |
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Glial Cells
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myelin producers, astrocytes, microglia, etc.
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Oligodendrocytes
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myelinate MANY axons
in CNS |
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Schwann Cells
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myelinate only one part of an axon
in PNS |
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Astrocyte
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largest glial cell
many functions can store and release neurotransmitters (commonly glutamate) |
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Microglia
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involved in response to injury or disease
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"region"
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another name for nuclei
a cluster of cell bodies in CNS |
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White Matter
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bundles of axons (tracts)
the myelin gives them a "whitish" appearance |
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tract
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a bundle of axons in the CNS
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Gray matter
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cell bodies and dendrites (brain "regions")
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Forebrain
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telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus) |
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Midbrain
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Mesencephalon
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Hindbrain
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Metencephalon
Myelencephalon |
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Myelencephalon
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medulla
composed largely of tracts an information superhighway (brain internet) origin of the reticular formation |
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reticular formation
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important for arousal
keeps you awake |
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Metencephalon
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many tracts
pons-vental surface cerebellum - coordination |
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Mesencephalon
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Tectum and Tegmentum
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Tectum
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dorsal surface
inferior colliculi - audition superior colliculi - vision, process motion, helps us view fast moving objects |
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Tegmentum
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ventral surface
periaqueductal grey substantia nigra red nuclues |
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Periaqueductal grey
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surrounds ventricles, important for analgesia, rich in opiod receptors
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Substantia Negra
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"black body"
sensorimotor important for movement |
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Red Nucleus
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sensorimotor
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus - sensory relay nuclei
hypothalamus |
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Hypothalamus
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regulation of motivated behaviors
controls hormone release by pituitary |
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Telencephalon
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cerebral cortex
convolutions increase SA and processing power has 6 layers involved in processing |
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corpus callosum
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the largest hemisphere connecting tract
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Frontal cortex
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important for behavioral INHIBITION and decision making
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Limbic System
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emotional behavior and regulation of motivated behavior
mamillary bodies, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, etc. |
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amygdala
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important for fear
fear learning |
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Basal Ganglia Motor System
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translates emotional info into some kind of action
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Ventral area of the striatum
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-incentive motivation
-receives info from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) -this pathway is called the "final common pathway of addiction" AKA Mesolimbic Dopamine System |
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Mesolimbic Dopamin System
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the last common pathway of addiction
the pathway between the ventral area of the striatum and the VTA |
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Overt Behaviors
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activity, task performance, etc
easier to measure b/c you have operational definitions |
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covert behaviors
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subjective experiences
hard to measure operation definitions are needed; how do you define "High" |
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Balanced Placebo Design
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the chart with 4 sections
differing instructions and medications |
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Between Effects
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Give person A the drug
Give person B the placebo PROBLEM - 2 people have very different life experiences |
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Within Effects
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Give person A the drug/placebo at time 1
Give person A the drug/placebo at time 2 PROBLEMS - time effect, order effect, test-retest bias Overall more powerful though |
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Independent Variable
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x axis
the variable you MANIPULATE ex: dose of drug, drug v placebo, route of administration |
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Dependent Variable
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the effect of the drug on some operationally defined measure
"what we measure" |
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Addiction
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dependence = alcoholism
refers to a loss of control over drug behavior |
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Controlled substance
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any food, beverage, or medication whose dispensation and use is regulated (tobacco, alcohol, etc.)
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Controlled Substance Act 1970
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scheduled drugs
created the DEA |
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1960 Food - Cosmetics Act
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drug companies were forced to list ingredients in their drugs
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Schedule I Drugs
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have the least benefit
have the greatest potential for abuse cocaine, heroine |
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Legal view of addiction
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it is a "Social Disease" with social costs
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interdiction
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a war to stop the supply of drugs
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Induced Disorders
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depend on you having taken the drug recently (hallucinations)
disordered behavior following acute administration of drug |
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Disordered Behavior
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when a behavior is maladaptive, affects daily life and social situations
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abuse disorders
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harmful use of a specific drug
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Substance dependecne
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loss of control of drug behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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relates to impulse control disorders
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Negative Reinforcement
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involved in compulsive behavior disorders
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4 criteria for substance abuse,
must meet atleast one |
1. recurrent physically hazardous behavior
2. continued use despite social/interpersonal problems exaccerbated by drug 3.Failure to fulfill major role obligations 4. Continued use despite legal problems |
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Substance Dependence Criteria
(need 3 or more) |
1. Physical Withdrawl
2. Tolerance 3. Taking more or longer than was originally intended 4.Unsuccessful attempts to quit 5. Spending a lot of time obtaining, using, and recovering 6. Other activities given up 7. taking the drug in the face of physical or mental health issues caused by the drug |
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3 necessary but not sufficient causes of addiction:
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exposure
environment heritability |
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heritability estimates
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how much of a phenotype is attributable directly to genetics
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