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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most drugs have how many names? and what are they?
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1. chemical name
2. generic/nonproprietary name 3. trade/proprietary name 4. street name |
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street names are often derivatives of the ________ name, or refer to some _______ aspect of the drug or some purported _____ of the drug.
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trade/proprietary name
physical aspect effect |
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what is PHARMACOKINETICS?
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administration
absorption distribution metabolism elimination |
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what is PHARMACODYNAMICS?
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the interaction of the drug with receptors at the site of action
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what are some methods of administration of drugs in humans?
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oral, through mucous membranes, through the skin, inhalation or pulmonary, or injection
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what are some methods of administration in animal studies?
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intraperitoneal - stomach
intraventricular - brain |
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______ become ionized in the stomach and cannot pass out into the blood stream.
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alkaline
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what is the liver enzyme that are involved inthe metabolism of drugs?
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cytochrome P-450
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what was the nmae of the man that had the first famous acid trip?
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albert hoffman
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when a drug is inhaled it reaches the brain in about ______ seconds
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5-8
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when a drug is injected, how long does it take to reach the brain?
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approximately 14 seconds
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what is mainlining?
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intravenous drug use
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what is skin popping?
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subcutaneous injections of drug
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drugs taken orally must be ______ soluable in order to be absorbed from the digestive system.
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lipid
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how often is a person's blood circulated through the entire body?
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approximately every minute
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can nicotine be absorbed through the skin?
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yes
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which types of absorbtion are used when chewing nicotine gum?
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membrane and oral
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drugs that are weak acids readily ionize in _______ environments. Drugs that are weak bases __________ ionize in these types of environments
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alkaline
don't |
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how well do ionized particles penetrate cell walls?
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poorly
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how well do lipid soluable compounds penetrate cell membranes?
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readily
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compounds that are lipid soluable penetrate __________ more readily.
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cell membranes
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drug concentrations in fetal blood usually reach ______-____% of that of the mom within how many minutes?
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75-100%
5 minutes |
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is binding reversible?
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yes
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an _______ is a drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter.
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agonist
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what do antagonists do?
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they reduce the effects of the drugs and produces no pharmalogical action
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can some drugs be mixed agonist-antagonist?
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yes
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can some drugs be partial agonist or partial antagonist
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yes
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why are some drugs given on a mg/kg basis?
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to make sure that the there are equivalent brain and blood concentrations.
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what is a Dose Response curve?
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it describes the mode of drug effects
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what does the vertical axis show in the DRC?
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percentage of subjects
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what does the horizontal axis of the DRC show?
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the dose amount
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for the DRC what measurement is used for dosing?
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mg/kg
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if there is more than one effect for a drug, how many DRC's will there be?
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one for each effect
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what is the ED50?
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the dose of the drug that is effective in producing a response in 50% of the experimental subjects
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what is the LD50
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refers to the does that kills 50% of the subjects
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what is the ratio of the theraputic index?
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LD50/ED50
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the higher the ratio of theraputic index the ______ the difference between LD50 and ED50.
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greater
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the higher the ratio of the theraputic index the ______ likely the chance that the drug is lethal or toxic.
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less
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the progressive attenuation of the effect of a drug is called ___________?
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tolerance
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how is tolerance represented on the DRC?
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the curve moves to the right
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when drug effects are progressively augmented over the course of repeated administration, this is called what?
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sensistization or reverse tolerance
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how is sensitization depicted in the DRC?
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shift to the left
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what is it called when the tolerance of one drug transfers to other drugs?
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cross tolerance
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what are some of the rroutes of elimination of drugs?
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kidneys, lungs, skin
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what is the primary agent in the metabolism of drugs?
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the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 or CYP then a number after to show which one of the hundreds the enzyme is
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some drugs can ______ the activity of CYP enzymes.
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depress
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in which age categories are the hepatic metabolizing systems less efficient?
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very young or the aged
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elimination half-life or ______.
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t1/2
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what is emilination half life?
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refers to the time needed for hald of a drug dose to leave the body
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it usually takes about ____ half-lives for drugs to be about 98.4% out of the body.
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6
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what is majiuana's half life?
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at least 5 days
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what is a steady state concentration?
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the concentration of a drug in the blood stays relatively steady
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how do drugs exert their actions?
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by affecting neurotransmition
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generally, a interneuronal synaptic juction consists of the _______ element and the ___________area.
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presynaptic element and the postsynaptic receptor area.
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what is the space called that in between the pre- and the post- synaptic areas?
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synapse
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