Drugs

Front 1

1. Name two physiological factors and two non-drug factors that influence drug dependence.

Back 1

Physiological factors- headaches and depression caused by withdrawal.

non-drug factors: person's expectations of the drug, societal responses or pressures to using.

Front 2

2. Under what class of drugs is cocaine listed according to U.S. federal drug laws? Explain why this classification is pharmacologically incorrect.

Back 2

Cocaine is a schedule II drug, even though it is no longer used medically and has a low rate of physical dependence.

Front 3

3. How is heroin typically administered? Why would this be a popular route of administration?

Back 3

Heroin is administered intravenously, melted down and injected into veins. It is fast, direct, and highly potent.

Front 4

5. How can excessive use of depressants cause death?

Back 4

Muscle relaxation to the point that you stop breathing, go unconscious and never wake up.

Front 5

6. What is the most widely abused drug in the U.S.?

Back 5

Alcohol.

Front 6

7. On what three criteria does the Controlled Substances Act classify dangerous substances? What is the legal difference between a Schedule I drug and a Schedule II drug?

Back 6

1) potential for abuse 2) potential for physical dependence 3) medical value

Schedule II actually have medical use that are highly restricted, while schedule I have no medical use.

Front 7

8. What is a precursor?

Back 7

compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound. In biochemistry, the term "precursor" is used more specifically to refer to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway.

Front 8

9. How does a color test work? What is the main limitation of a color test for identifying drugs?

Back 8

drugs yeild characteristic colors hen brought into contact ith specific chemical reagents. only for screening purposes, never taken as conclusive identfication.
Marquis- heroin/morphine/opiates = purple. amphetamines/methamphetamines = orangebrown
Dillie-Koppanyi= barbituates = violet blue
Duquenois-Levine- marijuana = purple
Van Urk- LSD= blue-purple
Scott test- cocaine. A is blue, B is pink, C is blue.
They cannot be used as conclusive identification of unknown drugs- only an indicator.

Front 9

10. Describe how a microcrystalline test works. Name two advantages of microcrystalline tests.

Back 9

add a chemical reagent to a drug on microscope slide, soon producing a crystalline precipitate. the size and shape of crystal is characteristic of a drug. tests are (1)rapid and (2) do not require isolation from the dilutants in the drug.

Front 10

11. What are the requirements of a suitable test for alcohol intoxication?

Back 10

verbal and motor skill assessment, BAC above .08

Front 11

12. What are two significant challenges a forensic toxicologist faces when attempting to identify drugs present in a body?
screening for the possible thousand common drugs as accurately as possible
showing experimental evidence ‘s probability of not being a similarly reacting substance is beyond scientific certainty.

Back 11

screening for the possible thousand common drugs as accurately as possible
Showing experimental evidence ‘s probability of not being a similarly reacting substance is beyond scientific certainty

Front 12

13. What is metabolism and how does it complicate the task of the forensic toxicologist?

Back 12

Is the set of chemical reactions that maintain life, and works to get rid of the drugs in the body, breaking them down as quickly as it can, making drugs more difficult to identify.

Front 13

14. Why is it necessary to follow a positive screening test for drugs with a confirmation test? What is the confirmation test of choice?

Back 13

To confirm beyond any reasonable doubt that another substance didn’t trigger those positives. Microcrystalline tests work well.

Front 14

15. 75% of all forensic lab work is drug analysis, but drug crimes represent an even higher percent of criminal activity. Please explain this behavior.

Back 14

The labs are so inundated with drug analysis that it is difficult to test all of it. Many drug busts are used to get the criminal to uncover who their dealer is.

Front 15

16. Which drug(s) have the highest psychological and physical dependence? What is the difference between these two?

Back 15

Heroin and morphine have the highest psych and phys dependence rates, heroin is a schedule I derivitive of morphine, which does have medical uses.

Front 16

17. What are a couple of the lease addictive drugs that we’ve discussed?

Back 16

Marajuana and GHB

Front 17

18. Identify a drug that has minimal physical dependence.
Cocaine.

Back 17

Cocaine.

Front 18

19. What characteristics do narcotics share?

Back 18

Analgesics (pain relievers), they depress the CNS, effecting blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate.

Front 19

20. What characteristics do hallucinogens share?

Back 19

marked changes in normal thought processes, moods, and perceptions.

Front 20

21. What characteristics do depressants share?
Depress the CNS. Calm irritability, induce sleep.

Back 20

Depress the CNS. Calm irritability, induce sleep.

Front 21

22. What characteristics do Club drugs share?

Back 21

euphoria, relaxation, disinhibition, and increased libido.

Front 22

23. Where are opiates derived from?

Back 22

The poppy plant.

Front 23

24. What is the active ingredient in marijuana and how is this different from the majority of the other drugs we’ve discussed?

Back 23

THC- tetrohydrocannabinol. It does not have an nitrogen group attached, like most other drugs..

Front 24

25. Is alcohol a drug? Justify your answer.

Back 24

Yes- it is a depressant that changes the chemical functioning in your brain, affecting muscle coordination, thought, speech, and memory.

Front 25

26. How are hash and marijuana related?

Back 25

Hash is derived from marajuana, it is the THC rich resin from burned marijuana

Front 26

27. Why is LSD such an easy drug to smuggle?

Back 26

It can be mailed undetected on sheets of paper.

Front 27

28. What drug family is codeine in and does it share its relative’s problems?

Back 27

the opiate family- it’s prepared sythetically from morphone and is only 1/6th as strong- not a popular street drug, so no. It does not as readily bind to opiod receptors.

Front 28

29. What group of drugs frequently produces depression?

Back 28

Most of the drugs mentioned do, but stimulants commonly cause depression after they wear off.

Front 29

30. How are crack and cocaine different? Be specific

Back 29

Crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water and boiled down & dried into a brick. Crack rocks are usually smoked to get a short lasting, strong high. Cocaine is snorted, takes a little longer and is less addictive.
Cocaine is derived directly from the Erthroxylon coca plant.

Front 30

31. Name three drugs associated with sexual assault. What characteristics do they share?

Back 30

GHB, Rohypnol, Ketamine. Muscle relaxion, euphoria, loss of consciencess and memory.

Front 31

32, Discuss the Federal Drug schedule.

Back 31

I- high potential for abuse and currently no approved medical uses
lsd, heroin, psilocyn, psilocybin, marijuana, mdma, mescaline, methaqualone.

II- high potential for abuse and have medical use with severe restrictions
methamphetamine, cocaine, codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methylphenidate, meperidine, PCP, phenmetrazine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, butyl nitrite, amobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital.

III- less potential for abuse and currently accepted medical use such as all barbituate prescriptions not covered under sched II
morphine and codeine in mixture, opium, phtobarbital(mix)
steroids anabolic

IV- low potential abuse and have a current medical use
benzodiazapines, ephedrine, codeine cough syrup, phenobarbital

V- low abuse potential and have medical use such as opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarctoic medicinal ingredients.
mixtures of analgesics and opiates
propylhexedrine

Front 32

33. Are color tests used to conclusively identify drugs?

Back 32

No, only indicate a likely chance that the drug is present.

Front 33

34. The Duquenois-Levine test is used to identify?

Back 33

Marijuana probability.

Front 34

35. Marijuana is a schedule I drug yet is legally allowed in California. Discuss this situation

Back 34

The federal government has classified it schedule I, the state government decriminalized small amounts of it, and allows people to legally obtain prescriptions for medical reasons. The DEA can still bust growers and sellers, but state and local police will not.

Front 35

36. In the microscopic identification of marijuana what features are we looking for?

Back 35

“bear claw” shaped hairs with a cystolith of calcium carbonate at the base. Barbs sticking up.

Front 36

37. What drugs are derived from opium?
Morphine, heroin, Codeine, oxycodone, methadone.

Back 36

Morphine, heroin, Codeine, oxycodone.

Front 37

38. What is the most widely used and abused drug in the United States?

Back 37

Alcohol

Front 38

39. What part of the marijuana plant contains the most and the least THC?

Back 38

most- resin, flowers, leaves
least- stems, roots, seeds.

Front 39

40. What is THC?

Back 39

tetrahydrocannabinol- a hallucinagenic chemical.

Front 40

41. Of what use is methadone?

Back 40

Eliminates addict’s desire for heroine and morphine with minimal side effects, binds to opiod receptors without the effects. Pharmalogically related to heroin.

Front 41

42. What drug is derived from an over the counter decongestants?

Back 41

Methamphetamine

Front 42

43. Name 6 side effects of anabolic steroids.

Back 42

unpredictable effects on mood and personality
depression
deminished sex drive
halting bone growth
acne,
premature baldness or increased facial, chest pubic hair.
testicular atrophy.

Front 43

44. Testosterone is currently the only steroid abused today. Explain why this statement is true or false.

Back 43

False- many synthetic compounds like testosterone are used, as well as blood doping- adding red blood cells or blood to the body to enhance performance.

Front 44

45. What drugs that we’ve discussed can be grouped as stimulants?

Back 44

MDMA, Cocaine, Crack, PCP, bath salts, amphetamine, methamphetamine.

Front 45

46. What are some common physical withdrawal symptoms? Which of these can produce death? In what drugs are these most commonly found?

Back 45

in alcohol, opiates, and tranquilizers:
heart racing/palpitations, muscle tension, tightness in chest, difficulty breathing, tremor, nausea/vomitting.
grand mal seizures, heart attacks, strokes can cause death.

Front 46

47. What are some of the physiological symptoms?

Back 46

anxiety, restlessness, headaches, poor concentration, depression, insomnia.

Front 47

48. What are the compounds found in the “bath salts” and “plant foods” being sold today?
.

Back 47

They are made to look like cocaine and behave like it, but they are chemically structured very differently. (pFBT) or Dimethocaine