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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Guiding motivations of drug use in food animals
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1) using drugs properly for the proper animals at the proper time
2) protecting the safety of food 3) Serving the clients interestes in operating their business |
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Key Issues of drug use in food animals
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1) Public Perception
2) Health Issues 3) Changing Food Animal Industry 4) Changing Legal rules 5) Response of the Veterinary Profession |
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Health concerns for drug residue avoidance
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1) allergic reactions
2) toxic reactions 3) carcinogenesis 4) antibacterial resistance? |
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Changing food animal industry
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1) continued consolidation (hired labor, emerging diseases)
2) Changing demands of clients 3) changing distribution channels for pharmaceuticals (not only vets) |
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Drug Residue in Milk: surveillance efforts
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1) test bulk milk tanks for beta-lactam antibiotics
2)spot-testing for other antibiotics and NSAIDS |
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AMDUCA
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Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act
1) established conditions for legal extra-label use of drugs in animals |
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Drugs prohibited in food animals
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1) chloramphenicol
2) clenbuterol 3) DES 4) nitrofurans 5) sulfonamides in lactating dairy cattle 6) Fluoroquinolones 7) glycopeptides 8) dipyrone |
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Reasons for ineffective mastitis therapy
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1) change in pathogen prevalence (less s. agalactiae, more G- (sever coliform) follow up after therapy)
2) limited spectrum of antimicrobial products 3) Historical definition of cure rate-- get milk back to normal, NOT eliminate bacteria |
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Neutrophils in the mammary gland
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1) phagocytize fat, protein
2) lactose...not glucose 3) decreased antibodies 4) fewer lymphocytes |
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Problem cows
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1) Repeat offenders
2) multiple quarters 3) non-responsive pathogens |
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Mastitis therapy protocols
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1) case (who to treat)
2) target (where in the cow and how much) 3) therapeutic regimen (how do we get it there?) |
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3 Targets for mastitis therapy
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1) Milk-- strep, coag neg staph, corynebac bovis
2) Deep tissue-- micro-abscess, fibrous tissue, staph aureus 3) The Cow-- bacteremia, coliforms |
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Susceptibility Breakpoint
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Drug concentration (zone diameter) that is set as representing clinical efficacy-- can be misleading.
Specifics: drug, pathogen, species, disease, regimen |
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Traits of good systemic drugs
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1) High Vd
2) cross blood: milk barrier 3) lipophilic 4) E.g. tetracyclines, macrolides, florfenicol |
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Concentration-dependent killing v. time-dependent killing
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in concentration-dependent killing, magnitude above MIC enhances killing (e.g. aminoglycosides)
In time-dependent killing, time above MIC enhances killing ( macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, lincosamides) |
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Coliform mastitis
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1) most common cause of severe mastitis
2) most common cause of dead/culled cows |