Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is pharmacokinetics? |
The study of the movement of drugs throughout the body, absorption > distribution > bio-transformation > excretion of drugs |
|
|
Absorption |
How the drugs gets into the bloodstream |
|
|
Distribution |
moved into the bloodstream through the body |
|
|
Metabolism |
How the drug gets broken down |
|
|
Elimination |
(Excretion) taken out of the body |
|
|
Biotransformation |
can be referred to as metabolism. |
|
|
Three different types of injections: |
Intravenous (in the vein), - Fastest method for injections (2nd fastest overall) Intramuscular (in the muscle), and Subcutaneous (under the skin, but not into muscles or veins) |
|
|
Which routes of drug administration are faster and which are slower? |
Inhalation does have the fastest absorption rate because it goes straight into the lungs and Intravenous is the 2nd fastest rate Slowest is skin patch |
|
|
____________ is the study of the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs. A. Pharmacodynamics B. Pharmacokinetics C. Pharmacoaesthetics D. Pharmaconetics |
B. Pharmacokinetics |
|
|
Drugs administered via which route of absorption do NOT pass through at least one lipid membrane; therefore, the drug does not have to be lipid soluble to effect the brain and/or body?
|
C. Injection |
|
|
Before a drug can be administered via intravenous injection, the drug is typically __________. A. Dissolved in liquid B. Dried out using air C. All of the above D. Exposed to light |
A. Dissolved in liquid Answer |
|
|
The body protects the brain from toxic substances via the ____________? A. All of the above B. Blood Brain Barrier C. Nervous system D. Dura mater |
B. Blood Brain Barrier |
|
|
Which type of tests are most commonly given to detect drug use? A. Urine and Hair B. Vision and Hair C. Urine and skin cell D. Skin cell and Hair |
A. Urine and Hair |
|
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of an elimination route for a drug? A. Excreting breast milk B. Sweating C. Urination D. Blowing your nose |
D. Blowing your nose |
|
|
The amount of time it takes your body to metabolize a dose of a drug in half is called the_________. A. Half dosage period B. Half life C. Half metabolism D. Degradation period |
B. Half life |
|
|
Some people of __________ descent are less able to metabolize alcohol. A. Pacific Islander B. Caucasian C. African American D. Asian |
D. Asian Answers |
|
|
Some __________ of a drug have a stronger effect than the drug itself. A. All of the above B. Metabolites C. Textures D. Odors |
B. Metabolites |
|
|
Enzymes in the _________ are primarily responsible for the metabolism of a drug. A. Brain B. Kidneys C. Liver D. Pancreas |
C. Liver |
|
|
The temporal lobe of the brain has been shown to be very important for__________________. A. Executive functioning B. Vision C. Formation of memories D. Emotional regulation |
C. Formation of memories |
|
|
Which of the following is part of the peripheral nervous system? A. The nerves extending from the spinal cord to the body B. The brain C. The spinal cord D. All are correct |
A. The nerves extending from the spinal cord to the body |
|
|
The _________ plays an important role in dopamine release. A. Reticular Formation B. Periaqueductal gray C. Hypothalamus D. Substantia Nigra |
D. Substantia Nigra |
|
|
Which neurotransmitter is produced in only one part of the brain? A. Norepinephrine B. Acetylcholine C. Glutamate D. Dopamine |
A. Norepinephrine |
|
|
Which neurotransmitter is NOT degraded (broke down) by the enzymes MAO and COMT? A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin |
B. Acetylcholine |
|
|
An example of an antagonist is: A. A drug that blocks channels on dendrites so they cannot open B. A drug that inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters C. A drug that induces more neurotransmitter release into the synapse D. A drug that opens channels because it acts like a neurotransmitter |
A. A drug that blocks channels on dendrites so they cannot open |
|
|
_______ increases dopamine levels in the brain. A. Cocaine B. Lithium C. LSD D. PCP |
A. Cocaine |
|
|
__________ stops acetylcholine from allowing muscles to contract. A. Curare B. Strychnine C. Tetanus D. Black widow venom |
A. Curare |
|
|
If enough channels are open and positively charged ions enter the neuron a(n) ____________ is generated. A. Calming effect B. Electrical spasm C. Action potential D. GABA synthesizing agent |
C. Action potential |
|
|
Which of the following is related to dopamine insufficiency? A. Hypertension B. Parkinson's Disease C. Insomnia D. Alzheimer's Disease |
B. Parkinson's Disease |
|
|
4. Review the circulatory system and how blood circulates around the body. Know how blood enters and exits the heart and lungs. |
1. Blood that is coming into the body enters into the right side of the heart through the right atrium then to the right ventricle and the right ventricle shoot the blood to pulmonary artery 2. The pulmonary artery then carries blood to the lungs, where the blood becomes oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then goes through the left atrium, then the left ventricle and out to the rest of the body Carotid artery carry the blood into the brain. |
|
|
5. Which organs in the body are involved in drug metabolism? |
The main organ that metabolize drug is the liver. Kidney plays very little role in metabolizing drug The small intestine also plays a role in metabolism. |
|
|
5b. Which organs in the body are involved indrug excretion? |
Kidneys (most important role) - urine Lungs- tiny amounts Small intestine Breath (alcohol) Skin/sweat Breast-milk- not significant to mother but detrimental to baby |
|
|
6. Review the half-life table. For example, how many half-lives would it take for a drug to reach 25% concentration in the body? |
1 Half-Life =50 2 Half-Life =25 It would take 2 half-lives to get to 25% concentration in the body. |
|
|
7a. Standard drugs tests screen for which 5 drugs? |
Opiates, cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamines, and PCP |
|
|
7b.How do urine and hair analyses for drugs differ? |
Urine Analysis: recent and chronic use detected from 1-7 days after, and up to 2-3 weeks (most drugs) Hair Analysis: chronic use detected from 4-5 days after, and up to 90 days |
|
|
8. What are some factors discussed in class that affect drug metabolism (e.g. genetics, environment, physiology)? |
genetics- some ethnicities have problem metabolizing drugs, ex. Asains and alcohol environment- environment of body affects the way drugs are metabolized, ex. some drugs become toxic when taken with grapefruit juice physiology- body gets used to metabolizing drug after chronic use, ex. alcohol not affecting you as much as it did the first time you |
|
|
9a. Which parts of the nervous system are in the central nervous system? |
The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
9b. Which parts are in the peripheral nervous system? |
The peripheral nervous system contains nerves that travel from your spinal cord to the rest of your body and the nerves in your body that travel to your spinal cord Somatic (Voluntary Movement) and Autonomic systems (Breathing, Heartbeat) are part of the peripheral nervous system -Sympathetic (fight or flight) Increases Heart rate -Parasympathetic(rest and digest) slows heart down |
|
|
10. Review the basic functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
The sympathetic system is also known as the fight or flight system. This system increases your heart rate, dilates your pupils, stops digestion, activates your adrenal glands. The parasympathetic system, also known as the rest and digest system, slows your heart rate, activates the gall bladder for digestion, dilates our blood vessels, and much more for our more relaxed states. |
|
|
11. What are the basic functions discussed in class for each of the 4 lobes of the brain? |
Occipital (responsible for vision), Temporal (responsible for learning and memories), Parietal (responsible for space and attention, space is knowing where everything is relative to the world), Frontal lobe (responsible for thinking, decision making, and planning) |
|
|
12. Review the basic functions of the brain regions discussed in class and listed on your lecture notes (e.g. hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, reticular formation, etc) |
Hippocampus: MEMORY, (making new memories), highly affected by alcohol, part of temporal lobe Amygdala: strongly active during FEAR, helps to activate sympathetic NS, connects to frontal cortex, important in mediating certain types of aggression, fear, other emotional experiences Thalamus: sensory motor relay station, helps send things to the right location in the brain Reticular Formation: plays role in sleep and consciousness |
|
|
Reticular Formation: |
Sends norepinephrine to wake up the brain (plays a role in sleep and consciousness), Activates cortex and fight/flight, (effect by all stimulants) |
|
|
Hypothalmus |
4 F's...Feeding, Fleeting, Fighting...Sexing..lol |
|
|
25. Review the different types of drug interactions discussed in class |
Additive interaction - mixing two drugs cause a summed effect ex: Drug A at 3 + Drug B at 7 = Drug effect of 10 Hyper additive interaction - mixing two drugs causes a multiplicative effect ex: Drug A at 3 + Drug B at 7 = Drug effect of 30 Antagonistic interaction - when one drug actually decreases the effect of another (to a certain extent) ex: Drug A at 3 + Drug B at 7 = Drug effect of 5 |
|
|
24a. What are dose response curves? |
A dose response curve explains the relationship between the dose of the drug administered and its pharmacological effect. The curve tells us the margin of safety for the drug. |
|
|
24b. What do they tell you about drug safety? |
They show the effective and lethal doses. The effective dose is the minimal dose necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population under study. The lethal dose is the minimal dose necessary to produce death in a given percentage of the population under study. |
|
|
24c. What does an effective dose of 40 tell you about the drug? |
A lethal dose of 40 tells you the dose producing death in 40 percent of the population under study while an effective dose produces the drug effect in 40 percent of the population. |
|
|
23a. What is drug tolerance? |
Drug tolerance, by definition, is a gradually diminished physical or psychological effect of a drug upon repeated administrations. Basically, you need more amounts of drugs to get the same effects that was originally obtained by smaller amounts. |
|
|
23b.Review the differences between metabolic tolerance, pharmacodynamic tolerance, and behavioral conditioning. |
Metabolic tolerance: the liver breaks down the drug faster after repeated administrations than it did initially Pharmacodynamic tolerance: receptors that have been stimulated by the drug over time decrease in number or become less sensitive to it. Behavioral Tolerance: conditioning to a context, scene change (if you have the same amount of drinks in two different places, your home vs the club, you will feel the buzz at home and not at the club because we are conditioned to take in the alcohol in a club setting and not at home), new supplier or shooting up somewhere different than usual |
|
|
22a. Review the fives schedules for controlled substances. |
Schedule I — high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use Schedule II — high potential for abuse, some accepted medical use Schedule III — some potential for abuse, accepted medical use (with potential dependence) Schedule IV — low potential for abuse, accepted medical use Schedule V — minimal potential for abuse, widespread medical use |
|
|
22b. What makes a drug a schedule I vs. a schedule II? |
Schedule 1 has no accepted medical use while Schedule 2 has some accepted medical use. |
|
|
21. What is the difference between acute and chronic toxicity? |
Acute toxicity - The physical or psychological harm a drug might present to the user immediately or soon after the drug is ingested. Chronic toxicity - The physical or psychological harm a drug might cause over a long period of time. |
|
|
20. What is the difference between physical and psychological dependence? |
Physical dependence is the use of a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms if the drug is not taken. Psychological Dependence is the motivation to use a drug based on craving for the pleasurable effects. |
|
|
19. What are some differences between drug misuse and drug abuse? |
Drug abuse is a form of drug-taking behavior that results in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment. Drug misuse is a form of drug-taking behavior in which a prescription or nonprescription (over-thecounter) drug is used inappropriately. |
|
|
18. What is the difference between recreational and instrumental drug use? |
Instrumental- taking a drug with a specific socially approved goal in mind Recreational- taking drugs for sole purpose of experiencing psychoactive properties (get high) |
|
|
17. Review the ways that drugs can act as an agonist or antagonist (e.g. block reuptake vs. stimulate release). Again, you do not need to know specific drugs here (e.g. cocaine blocks reuptake). |
agonist: Promote synthesis, Promote release, Block degrading enzyme or reuptake, Stimulate receptor antagonist: Inhibit synthesis, Block release, Stimulate degrading enzyme or reuptake, Block receptor |
|
|
16. How are the neurotransmitters metabolized or broken down after they bind to receptors? |
Chemicals called enzymes interact with the transmitter molecule and change its structure so that it no longer is capable of occupying receptor sites. For example ACh its broken down by AChE Reuptake - One process by which neurotransmitters are inactivated. Neurotransmitter molecules are taken back up into the axon terminal that released them |
|
|
15. Review the specific drugs discussed in class, which neurotransmitters they affect, and whether each is an agonist or antagonist. Do not worry about the precise mechanism for each drug (e.g. block reuptake). |
Curare: ACh antagonist Botulin toxin: ACh antagonist Tetanus: ACh agonist MSG: Glutamate agonist PCP: Glutamate antagonist CO: Glutamate agonist Antiepileptic: GABA agonist Anti-anxiety: GABA agonist Lithium: GABA agonist Strychnine: GABA antagonist MAOI: Dopamine agonist Amphetamine: Dopamine agonist Tricyclic Antidepressants: Dopamine agonist Cocaine: Dopamine agonist |
|
|
14. Review the neurotransmitters discussed in class and where they are synthesized (made) in the brain. Do not worry about the specific names of where they are made, just know those made all over the brain vs. those only made in a few locations |
Acetylcholine is made in three locations in the brain. Dopamine is made in two locations. Norepinephrine and serotonin are each made in one location. Glutamate and GABA are made all over the brain. |
|
|
13. How do neurons send messages across a synapse to another neuron? Where are neurotransmitter released from and where do they bind? |
Neurons transmit information by conducting electrical currents (action potential) along their axons and releasing chemical substances called neurotransmitters into the synapse. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, chemical substances (neurotransmitters) stored in the terminal button(end of dendrites) are released into the synapse and binds to receptors(open receptors for ions to come in). |
