Dreams

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Ancient Mesopotamia

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Earliest clues about dreams -5000 years ago.

Central region of modern iraq

"the cradle of civilization"

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Sumerians

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First cultural group residing in Mesopotamia

Followed by the Akkadians, Babylonians, and the Assyrians

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Cuneiforma

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2700 BC - form of writing, wedge-shaped indentations pressed into clay tablets

The Sumerian's earliest records of dreams ~3100BC

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Legendary Hero King Gilgamesh

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1st references to sequential dreams from same dreams. Good fortunes or misfortune depending on interpretations.

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Oppenheim's Classifications of Dreams

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- Message Dreams

- Mantic Dreams

- Symbolic Dreams

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Message Dreams

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Experienced by kings - diety would appear. Would have to go to temple and stay there overnight

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Mantic Dreams

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Indication of what the future would bring. Personal destiny. Omen texts with cause and effect statements like "if a dead person kisses a man, one near to him will die"

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Symbolic Dreams

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Unusual interactions with gods, stars, people, animals, or innumerable objects

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Dreams relating to the Old Testament

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Psalm 127 the Lord "giveth unto his beloved in their sleep"

The story of Jacob - ladder dream

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The Talmud

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62 volumes - connects the Old Testament with contemporary Judaism

Palesinian Talmud, dating around 500 BC

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Some Jewish Beleifs

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Angels sent in dreams as messengers from god.

Gabriel was the "prince of dreams"

Soul travel

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Some Egyptian Beliefs

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- less concerned with demonology

- Serapis - Egyptian god of dreams

- Royalty dreams were given more attention because gods more likely to appear

- Incubation and Surrogate dreamers

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Chester Beatty Papyrus III

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1st collection of Egyptian belief dream omina.

- 143 good dreams and 91 bad dreams

- interpretations for dream imagery

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The Carlsburg Papyrus

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2nd collection of Egyptian belief dream Omina

- 250 omina categorized

- describes outcomes after dream activities

- included women's dreams

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Chinese Dream Beliefs

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- T'ung Shu - ancient almanac with 7 classifications like heaven, weather, houses, gardens, forests, human body, animals, birds

- Lie-tsu - Classifications of dreams like ordinary, terror, thought, waking, and joy. Yin and Yang energy.

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Indian Dream Beleifs

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- Vedas - book of wisdom from 1500-100 BC. Elephant riding = lucky. Donkey = unlucky.

- The Sushruta Samhita - medical and surgical lore or dreams, illnesses.

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Greek Dream Beliefs

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Homer's epic poems - earliest Greek references to dreams

Homeric - divine origin sent to dreamer

allegorical dream - neither a diety nor deceased spirit is involved.

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Hippocrates

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Father of Greek medicine. Placed emphasis upon the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) as well as corresponding to organs (heart, brain, liver, and spleen).

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Aristotle

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Plato's student. Argued against an astrological interpretation of dreams and rejected the notion of their divine origin. Prodromal dreams - the future somatic dysfunction

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Galen

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Greek physician - dreams had diagnostic utility and indicated imbalances of bodily substances. Claimed he had saved many lives as a consequence of his dreams

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Dream Incubation

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"plant a seed" in the mind in order for a specific dream topic to occur.

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Lucretius

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Latin poet from 98-55 BC. Dreams were separate stationary images but an illusion of motion was created because the images replaced one another so rapidly

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Cicero

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Great cynic roman orator (104-8 BC). contrasting interpretations offered for the same dream. Held distain for dream interpreters

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Artemidoris of Daldis

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first large scale classification of dreams. 5 books, encyclopedia of dreams. First 3 books - detailed taxonomy. Last 2 books - meant for his son to develop dream interpretation

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Muhammed

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Koran (12:6) science of dreams was "the prime science since the beginning of the world".

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Muslim dream book

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An-Nabulsi, 2 volume work, 600 pages, alphabetical listing of dream objects and associated interpretations

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Tabir Namehs

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dream books - in Islam, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hindustani. Tried to justify dream interpretations by linking them to statements made by the Prophet or passages in the Koran

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Ishtikhara

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seeking dreams by reciting a special daytime prayer

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Hebrew's interest in dreams

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Old Testament and Babylonian Talmud, 4 chapters on dreams. "dreams had strong hold on intellectual leaders of judaism.

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Meng Shu

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Chinese dream book around 640.

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Mang Chan I Chih in

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Chinese dream book around 1562

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Japan-om myoshi

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Japanese dream interpreters where the sick slept in temple sanctuaries hoping to see the boddhisattva Yakushi as a monk int heir dreams

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Basil the Great

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Alexandrian bishop. Warned a friend it was better not to sleep too hard, because this opened the mind to wild fancies

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Saint John Chrysostom from Constantinople

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Said that the dreamer is not responsible for acts committed. Should not feel guilty or what he did while dreaming.

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Senses of Cyrene

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Book on dreams, an almost inexhaustible source of riches. Enable the soul to ascend to a superior region which allows it the perfect inspections of true things

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St. Jerome

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Mistranslation of 'anan'. Rome in 382 to translate the bible into Latin and had a cataclysmic effect upon how dreams were viewed by western Christians for the next fifteen centuries. Condemnation against dreams. Dreams confused with witchcraft.

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Macrobius

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Contemporary of St. Jerome

Two types of dreams, the nightmare, and apparitions.

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Incubus

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A male demon who produces a sensation of weight while sexually possessing a woman

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Succubus

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A female demon who seduced male dreamers

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St. Thomas Aquinas

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The Church's most authoritative theologian, issuing warnings about the possible direct or indirect invocation of demos in dreams

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Benedict Pereius

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Jesuit priest, wrote De magia, written in 1598 that states most dreams should be entirely discredited.

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Father Gracian

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confessor of Saint Theresa - warned that it is a sin to believe in dreams.

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Descartes

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Dualistic system gave strong empahasis to the independent role of the mind, but others increasingly began to emphasize the role of physical or somatic factors in creating our mental states

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Thomase Hobbes

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17th century representative of the 'mechanical' or empirical approach to dreams.

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Secular Dream Beleifs in 17th and 18th centuries

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Awareness that dreams could have a powerful impact upon waking behaviour.

Dreams now dissociated rom the devil and associated with scientific inquiry.

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Romantic School - 19th centure

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Developped in opposition to the industrial revolutions emphasis on goods and products.

Appreciated the significance of the unconscious

Hervey St. Deny's - Master of Lucid Dreaming

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Frank Seafield - A neglected History of Dreams

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1. Dreams have intelligible meaning.  2. primarily traceable to the dreamer's personality structure and to the intensity of the dreamer's thoughts and emotions during the preceding day.  3. reflect incorporation of external physical stimuli or internal symptoms ofphysical illness.  4. capable of problem-solving.  5. compensate for satisfactions lacking in waking life  6. mind-body relationships that should be investigated by psychologists.  7. Introspection can give the dreamer valuable insights about the elements ofhis or her character which might need modification to produce a better-balanced personality.

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Karl Scherner

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Believed in the importance of symbolism in dreams  Interested in somatic symbols.  House- human body  Flying dreams- increased lung functioning  Heavy traffic- circulatory conditions  Muddy streets – intestinal stimulus

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Salvador Dali

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Spanish surrealist painter. Influenced by Freud's interpretation of dreams. Hand painted dream photographs.

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William Blake

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Facial detail of a man appearing in his dreams. Dreams were a big creative inspiration for him.

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Harriet Tubman

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Escaped slave led hundreds of slaves to freedom through "underground railroad" Dreams helped her find safe pathways and never lost a single passenger.

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Mohandas Ghandi

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Eagerly seeking for ways to free his people formcolonial subjugation  Had a dream suggesting that the people of India suspend usual businessactivities for 24 hours and devote time to fasting and prayer  Non-violent mass strikes of hartals in 1919  Turing point in India’s efforts to achieve self-determination