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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homeostasis
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the body’s ability to maintain equilibrium (balance) within its dynamic internal and external environments. It is how the body responds to its constantly changing conditions.
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Integumentary system
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Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)receptors and sweat and oil glands.
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Skeletal system
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Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals
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Muscular system
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat
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Nervous system
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As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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what happens if homeostasis is not maintained
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Disorder –Abnormality of body structure or function • Myopia-longer than normal eyeball Disease –Any illness of the body • Cancer-overgrowth of cells that alter tissue/organ function Death |
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Survival Needs of the body
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1. Nutrients 2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Normal body temperature 5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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Anatomy
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Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
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Physiology
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Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities
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Anatomy and Physiology Together |
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Necessary functions of LIFE
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1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction 8. Growth |
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Maintaining Boundaries
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Separation between internal and external environments must exist
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Movement
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–Muscles-muscle cells contract and extend –Cells-lymphocytes roam to find pathogens –Proteins-move to perform actions
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Responsiveness
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Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
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Digestion
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Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood
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Metabolism
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All chemical reactions that occur in body cell
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Excretion
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Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion • Urea (from breakdown of proteins) • carbon dioxide (from metabolism) • feces (unabsorbed foods) |
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Reproduction
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• Cells divide • Organismal level-production of offspring by sexual reproduction –Fusion of sperm and egg
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Growth
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• We are multicellular • Increase in size by increasing cell number. |
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Nutrients
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• Chemicals for energy and cell building –Carbohydrates: major source of energy –Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry –Fats: long-term energy storage –Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes |
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Oxygen
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• Essential for release of energy from foods –Used in aerobic cellular respiration
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Water
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• Most abundant chemical in body –Provides environment needed for chemical reactions –fluid base for secretions and excretions |
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Normal Body Temperature
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Goes below or above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected
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Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
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• Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs • Too low? –Altitude Sickness-mountain climbing • Affects rate of diffusion of gasses –Space • No pressure, water vaporizes… • Too High? –Nitrogen Narcosis-Divers • Nitrogen builds up in tissues |
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Superior (Cranial)
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toward the head end or toward the upper part of a body structure
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Inferior (caudal) |
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a body structure
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Anterior (ventral)
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– front side of a body structure
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Posterior (dorsal)
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– back side of a body structure
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Medial
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– toward or at the midline of a body structure
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Lateral
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– away from the midline of a body structure
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Intermediate
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between the medial and lateral aspects of a body structure
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Proximal
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– closer to the body trunk or origin of a body structure
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Distal
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– farther from the body trunk or origin of a body structure
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Superficial (external) –
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toward or at the surface of a body structure
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Deep (internal)
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– away from the surface of a body structure
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Sagittal planes – midsagittal (median) plane and parasagittal plane
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midsagittal (median) plane and parasagittal plane
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Frontal (coronal) plane
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Transverse (horizontal) plane
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Crainal cavity
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brain
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vertebral cavity
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spine
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Thoracic cavity
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esophagus, trachea, primary bronchi
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Pericardial cavity
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heart
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pleural cavity (2) |
lung in each cavity
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abdominopelvic cavity
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abdominal and pelvic cavities
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abdominal cavity
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Stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, spleen, small intestine, portions of large intestine, adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, small part of esophagus
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pelvic cavity
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Urinary bladder, portion of large intestine (rectum), reproductive organs
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levels of organization smallest to largest |
Atoms molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ systems organism |